Wyndor Glass Co. Research Paper

18 Chapter Two Linear Programming: Basic Concepts 2. 1 A CASE STUDY: THE WYNDOR GLASS CO. PRODUCT-MIX PROBLEM Jim Baker is excited. The group he heads has really hit the jackpot this time. They have had some notable successes in the past, but he feels that this one will be really special. He can hardly wait for the reaction after his memorandum reaches top management. Jim has had an excellent track record during his seven years as manager of new product development for the Wyndor Glass Company.Although the company is a small one, it has been experiencing considerable growth largely because of the innovative new products developed by Jim’s group. Wyndor’s president, John Hill, has often acknowledged publicly the key role that Jim has played in the recent success of the company. Therefore, John felt considerable confidence six months ago in asking Jim’s group to develop the following new products: †¢ An 8-foot glass door with aluminum framing. †¢ A 4-foot 6-foot double-hung, wood-framed window.Although several other companies already had products meeting these specifications, John felt that Jim would be able to work his usual magic in introducing exciting new features that would establish new industry standards. Now, Jim can’t remove the smile from his face. They have done it. Background The Wyndor Glass Co. produces high-quality glass products, including windows and glass doors that feature handcrafting and the finest workmanship. Although the products are expensive, they fill a market niche by providing the highest quality available in the industry for the most discriminating buyers. The company has three plants.Plant 1 produces aluminum frames and hardware. Plant 2 produces wood frames. Plant 3 produces the glass and assembles the windows and doors. Because of declining sales for certain products, top management has decided to revamp the company’s product line. Unprofitable products are being discontinued, releasing production capacity to launch the two new products developed by Jim Baker’s group if management approves their release. The 8-foot glass door requires some of the production capacity in Plants 1 and 3, but not Plant 2. The 4-foot 6-foot double-hung window needs only Plants 2 and 3. Management now needs to address two issues: 1.Should the company go ahead with launching these two new products? 2. If so, what should be the product mix—the number of units of each produced per week— for the two new products? Management’s Discussion of the Issues Having received Jim Baker’s memorandum describing the two new products, John Hill now has called a meeting to discuss the current issues. In addition to John and Jim, the meeting includes Bill Tasto, vice president for manufacturing, and Ann Lester, vice president for marketing. Let’s eavesdrop on the meeting. John Hill (president): Bill, we will want to rev up to start production of these products as s oon as we can.About how much production output do you think we can achieve? Bill Tasto (vice president for manufacturing): We do have a little available production capacity, because of the products we are discontinuing, but not a lot. We should be able to achieve a production rate of a few units per week for each of these two products. John: Is that all? Bill: Yes. These are complicated products requiring careful crafting. And, as I said, we don’t have much production capacity available. An Application Vignette Swift & Company is a diversified protein-producing business based in Greeley, Colorado.With annual sales of over $8 billion, beef and related products are by far the largest portion of the company’s business. To improve the company’s sales and manufacturing performance, upper management concluded that it needed to achieve three major objectives. One was to enable the company’s customer service representatives to talk to their more than 8,000 custom ers with accurate information about the availability of current and future inventory while considering requested delivery dates and maximum product age upon delivery. A second was to produce an efficient shift-level schedule for each plant over a 28-day horizon.A third was to accurately determine whether a plant can ship a requested order-line-item quantity on the requested date and time given the availability of cattle and constraints on the plant’s capacity. To meet these three challenges, a management science team developed an integrated system of 45 linear programming models based on three model formulations to dynamically schedule its beef-fabrication operations at five plants in real time as it receives orders. The total audited benefits realized in the first year of operation of this system were $12. 74 million, including $12 million due to optimizing the product mix.Other benefits include a reduction in orders lost, a reduction in price discounting, and better on-time delivery. Source: A. Bixby, B. Downs, and M. Self, â€Å"A Scheduling and Capable-to-Promise Application for Swift & Company, Interfaces 36, no. 1 (January–February 2006), pp. 69–86. The issue is to find the most profitable mix of the two new products. John: Ann, will we be able to sell several of each per week? Ann Lester (vice president for marketing): Easily. John: OK, good. I would like to set the launch date for these products in six weeks. Bill and Ann, is that feasible? Bill: Yes.Ann: We’ll have to scramble to give these products a proper marketing launch that soon. But we can do it. John: Good. Now there’s one more issue to resolve. With this limited production capacity, we need to decide how to split it between the two products. Do we want to produce the same number of both products? Or mostly one of them? Or even just produce as much as we can of one and postpone launching the other one for a little while? Jim Baker (manager of new product dev elopment): It would be dangerous to hold one of the products back and give our competition a chance to scoop us. Ann: I agree.Furthermore, launching them together has some advantages from a marketing standpoint. Since they share a lot of the same special features, we can combine the advertising for the two products. This is going to make a big splash. John: OK. But which mixture of the two products is going to be most profitable for the company? Bill: I have a suggestion. John: What’s that? Bill: A couple times in the past, our Management Science Group has helped us with these same kinds of product-mix decisions, and they’ve done a good job. They ferret out all the relevant data and then dig into some detailed analysis of the issue.I’ve found their input very helpful. And this is right down their alley. John: Yes, you’re right. That’s a good idea. Let’s get our Management Science Group working on this issue. Bill, will you coordinate with th em? The meeting ends. The Management Science Group Begins Its Work At the outset, the Management Science Group spends considerable time with Bill Tasto to clarify the general problem and specific issues that management wants addressed. A particular concern is to ascertain the appropriate objective for the problem from management’s viewpoint.Bill points out that John Hill posed the issue as determining which mixture of the two products is going to be most profitable for the company. 19 20 Chapter Two Linear Programming: Basic Concepts Therefore, with Bill’s concurrence, the group defines the key issue to be addressed as follows. Question: Which combination of production rates (the number of units produced per week) for the two new products would maximize the total profit from both of them? The group also concludes that it should consider all possible combinations of production rates of both new products permitted by the available production capacities in the three plant s.For example, one alternative (despite Jim Baker’s and Ann Lester’s objections) is to forgo producing one of the products for now (thereby setting its production rate equal to zero) in order to produce as much as possible of the other product. (We must not neglect the possibility that maximum profit from both products might be attained by producing none of one and as much as possible of the other. ) The Management Science Group next identifies the information it needs to gather to conduct this study: 1. Available production capacity in each of the plants. 2.How much of the production capacity in each plant would be needed by each product. 3. Profitability of each product. Concrete data are not available for any of these quantities, so estimates have to be made. Estimating these quantities requires enlisting the help of key personnel in other units of the company. Bill Tasto’s staff develops the estimates that involve production capacities. Specifically, the sta ff estimates that the production facilities in Plant 1 needed for the new kind of doors will be available approximately four hours per week. (The rest of the time Plant 1 will continue with current products. The production facilities in Plant 2 will be available for the new kind of windows about 12 hours per week. The facilities needed for both products in Plant 3 will be available approximately 18 hours per week. The amount of each plant’s production capacity actually used by each product depends on its production rate. It is estimated that each door will require one hour of production time in Plant 1 and three hours in Plant 3. For each window, about two hours will be needed in Plant 2 and two hours in Plant 3. By analyzing the cost data and the pricing decision, the Accounting Department estimates the profit from the two products.The projection is that the profit per unit will be $300 for the doors and $500 for the windows. Table 2. 1 summarizes the data now gathered. The Management Science Group recognizes this as being a classic product-mix problem. Therefore, the next step is to develop a mathematical model—that is, a linear programming model—to represent the problem so that it can be solved mathematically. The next four sections focus on how to develop this model and then how to solve it to find the most profitable mix between the two products, assuming the estimates in Table 2. 1 are accurate.Review Questions 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. What is the market niche being filled by the Wyndor Glass Co.? What were the two issues addressed by management? The Management Science Group was asked to help analyze which of these issues? How did this group define the key issue to be addressed? What information did the group need to gather to conduct its study? TABLE 2. 1 Data for the Wyndor Glass Co. Product-Mix Problem Plant 1 2 3 Unit profit Production Time Used for Each Unit Produced Doors 1 hour 0 3 hours $300 Windows 0 2 hours 2 hours $500 Available per Week 4 hours 12 hours 18 hours

Helping the Needy Essay

Remember those precious moments of sitting around and trying to comfort; hearing the soothing, slow, and experienced voices. It is time consuming to sit and hear such stories, but a smile spills acrossed your face as you listen to their never ending stories, sometimes it is the same story that you heard yesterday or an hour ago. Each time you attempt to talk your words are abruptly cut off and the story continues. Some are filled with wisdom others too delirious to take serious. With time, listening and helping them, a bond of friendship is made. The days seem to go by fast and your friendship becomes stronger as you spend each day serving these types of people, and sharing experience with them as well. In one day it all comes to an end, they are no longer there to be assisted. Life appears to be like that in the every average day at the Avalon Care center. In a training session from Avalon Care Center Annie Wayment became a qualified Certified Nursing Assistant to help others as they make an end to the journey in their lives. Depending on the state where you are at, the training course to become such a person can take six to eight weeks. Where you are trained to up lift people. What will you do, â€Å"working closely with patients, you are responsible for basic care services such as bathing, grooming and feeding patients, assisting nurses with medical equipment, and checking patient vital signs. CNAs give patients important social and emotional support and also provide vital information on patient conditions to nurses. † For Annie the training was a long, hard jammed packed four weeks. She stated, â€Å"I almost died (Annie Wayment, personal communication, May, 22, 2013). In the course there are plenty of hands on experience and memorization. Then after passing all tests and training satisfaction you are qualified to assist people. She takes Avalon’s statement to heart â€Å"we embrace a reverence for life, and a heart for healing. † After going all through this and then actual helping people Annie continues with an energy that most people do when they are doing what they enjoy. While on a high school job shadow Annie was introduced to the field of helping and then made the decision that was her future job, helping someone. She began her work at Avalon Care Center aiding those who can on loner help themselves. Confused like most people in their first job experience she floated about for a couple of weeks but slowly understood her role. Distressed, frustrated, and irritated to not be able to do what they use to do all their lives this group accepts help from others. They tell them of their problems, and their long life experiences. They don’t only need physical assistance but also mentally. Being a good listener, with a caring heart is part of the job. Though Annie cannot see herself doing this particular work all her life she still goes about with a smile on her face enjoying every minute. Those moments of doing all you can, and then seeing a face of gratitude for what you have done gives you that extra step to do another good deed. A swelling of an inexplicable satisfaction fills you up. Working in this nursing home Annie has gained many new friends. They share all their joyous moments with her and she helps them through their moments of pain and frustration. As time goes on she becomes more than just a friend to these people with all the time she has spent with them. â€Å"When working in a nursing home, as an aide, you spend 1/3 of your day with these residents and you become part of their families (Annie Wayment, personal communication, May, 22, 2013). † Even at times when she thinks she is aiding someone she receives help in return from these this time worn people. A piece of advice here and there and a phrase that sticks in your mind. They just seem to grow on you as the time passes and an inner connection is made with them. She recalls one of the many residents of the caring center in which she helped. The elderly woman was sick for some time. She knew how the woman wanted her room to be organized and helped her daily. The woman got better and was later discharged from the care center. They kept in contact even afterwards. The job like most other jobs also has its down side. After spending quality time in helping, listening, and strengthening people and being strengthened by them, it all seems to be lost in a moment. Sometimes the question of why is asked in most of these circumstances. This woman who Annie kept in contact with became sick again and was hospitalized. She was informed that she would be returning back to the care center back under her care. Excited to see again her room was prepared and fixed up the way the patient liked it. Later on Annie was told that she would no longer be coming. In most incidents Annie has to be the one who needs to get over her grief first and fast. After the passing of those who she has helped she then needs to face the family of the person who she lost, but she is happy for having the knowledge that the church has given her about life. She understands the purpose of why we are here and gives yet another comforting hand to the families of those who have passed on. With the knowledge of the gospel she can comfort and ease the pain of the family members that do not have this knowledge. Hard at times and good at others this is what Annie Wayment does. The good seems to outweigh the bad and she continues on her way of assisting others who are in need. It is what she finds the most enjoyable thing to do.

Provinces of the Philippines and Kara David Essay

Ang Huling Prinsesa† (The Last Princess) is a documentary from Kara David shown in I-Witness back in 2004. It is a challenging feat for anyone who wants to see and explore a mysterious tradition preserved for decades among some of the mountains isolated communities. I-Witness travels to the Tapaz Mountain, considered the farthest in Capiz, located in the central Philippines island of Panay. Reporter Kara David reaches the community of Rizal Sur, a village that looks just like any other isolated community, where the people living in traditional huts and survive on whatever nature provides them. In the midst of this community, she meets one of the last remaining binukots, 73-year-old Lola (grandmother). This old woman lives in an old hut, just like everybody else in the community. However, she has stayed inside a room in the house ever since she was five years old, living in isolation as the family chosen binukot. Since being chosen the binukot of her tribe, the old woman has worn a veil so that no one can see her face. She is lifted onto a hammock every day so her feet never touch the ground. She is bathed, combed and served only the best food like an ancient princess. Her work is to learn the traditional dances and memorize the tribe’s hours-long epics. Only the binukots learn the epics, which are taught to them orally. Thus, they are also the only ones who may pass the long stories of their ancestors to the next generation. Personal insight Stories of princess were part of our childhood memories. We dream of becoming one during those times. But in Tumandok tribe in Tapaz, Capiz, Philippines, there were women, who were treated like a princess. They are known to be the binukot.

Emerging Infectious Diseases Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Emerging Infectious Diseases - Research Paper Example Some emerging strains for instance avian influenza, resistant bacterial strains and respiratory tract viruses have become medically significant because of their high pathogenic nature and resistant new strains. Because of outbreaks and low preventive and medical measures, these emerging infectious diseases have a serious impact on the social, economic and agricultural impacts. Proper understanding about the disease, their clinical course, causative organisms and medical interventions are important to control and reduce their harmful effects on the mankind (Vaughan 2011). Emerging infectious diseases have become an interesting topic of research and study because of the vast medical knowledge they encompass and their conspicuous social, economic and medical impacts. A recent article in Los Angeles Times describes an astonishing aspect of urinary tract infections. The Canadian researchers have co-related the infection with ingestion of contaminated chicken. Beef and pork were less relat ed to urinary tract infections as compared to chicken which increases the risk for E.coli infection. The researchers have stated that the bacteria can enter the urinary tract from the intestine and the cause of contaminated chicken for urinary tract infections should always be considered. Hence, proper cooking and clean circumstances should be maintained while handling chicken. The chicken companies and chicken farms should be aware of this newly established yet important relation and perform strict sterilization and anti-contamination procedures to exclude any infection (Roan 2012). Zoonotic viruses also pose a serious threat to human immunity and are one of the emerging infectious diseases all over the world. A recent virus identified in a patient's blood was SFTSV virus that belonged to the Bunyaviridae family and was a phlebovirus. The virus causes a severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) and the disease manifests as fever with bleeding, gastrointestinal clinical fea tures and renal symptoms. The virus causing this infectious disease was found to be highly prevalent in China as it was positive in most of the provinces and a majority of population presented with positive results during the screening procedures. Mosquitoes and ticks are the vectors for this virus and molecular screening is suggested in the affected patients to identify this emerging zoonotic infectious disease. In China the prevalence of infectious diseases is also high because of the animals living in close relation to the human beings. Awareness about the zoonotic viruses, their vectors and the transmission is very important especially to the animal market professionals for the prevention and control of the disease. The economic factors of developing countries like Malaysia and China pose a major hindrance for the development of diagnostic techniques and molecular screening methods which are both specific and sensitive for the virus (Feldmann 2011). Outbreaks of Nipah virus in n orthern Bangladesh, affecting more than 30 people since the year 2011 has become prominent as an emerging infectious disease. With a mortality rate of 100% this disease has spread a wave of fear in the locals of northern Bangladesh. Fruit bats are the reservoirs for this virus and they spread the first Nipah virus infection through pig to

Three effects of the Industrial Revolution Essay

Three effects of the Industrial Revolution - Essay Example The workers themselves also took certain measures to shield their rights and interests – the most crucial of these measures is the formulation of trade unions. Apart from technological changes, the social system also changed. Prior to the revolution, the people used to live in small villages, and they worked as craftsmen or agricultural worker, and used to do mostly everything by hand. In Britain, three quarters of the population mostly used to live in the countryside and farming was the most prevalent and popular population. However, when Industrial Revolution came into being, everything changed. The revamped laws entailed that the grazing grounds should be fenced at the expense of the owner, this also led to the bankruptcy and unemployment of many of the farm owners. Consequently, there were also many people who were compelled to work at the new factories. This also caused them to migrate to other towns and cities, and as a result, they were closer to their new job. There we re obviously disadvantages associated with this: they made relatively less money for working long hours at a stretch, and the expenses which came with moving to an urban area was an additional burden. Therefore women and children were sent out to work as well because families desperately needed money to get by. It also proved to be beneficial in a way because the factory owners discovered that children were better at picking up things and could be molded more easily to the working conditions. They could also work in the mines and were small and supple enough to extract the coal, making them prospective and ideal candidates for the job (Doyle, 2). However,...There was one result of these conditions that relevant action was undertaken to safeguard the workers, especially women and children from the threats of the factory system. There were also certain laws that were passed concerning the safety standards and measures in factories, the age limit for the youth, and creating schools for those children whose parents worked in the factories, and also other measures for safeguarding the lives of the workers. The workers themselves also took certain measures to shield their rights and interests – the most crucial of these measures is the formulation of trade unions. Apart from technological changes, the social system also changed. Prior to the revolution, the people used to live in small villages, and they worked as craftsmen or agricultural worker, and used to do mostly everything by hand. In Britain, three quarters of the population mostly used to live in the countryside and farming was the most prevalent and popular population. However, when Industrial Revolution came into being, everything changed. The revamped laws entailed that the grazing grounds should be fenced at the expense of the owner, this also led to the bankruptcy and unemployment of many of the farm owners. Therefore women and children were sent out to work as well because families desperately needed money to get by. However, since the workers and children were over-exerting themselves at work, there was very little time for family interaction.

Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) - Essay Example The theories of CSR discussed are ethical, instrumental, political and integrative. The strategies currently used by the company are categorized under ethical, legal and economic groups. Based on the stakeholder management analysis using salience model, H & M should pay more attention to financiers, shareholders and customers in that sequence, followed by other stakeholders. However, according to freeman stakeholder theory, the interest of all stakeholders should be met in order to ensure sustainable success. The recommendations for H & M to fulfil its social responsibilities are categorized into ecological strategies, social welfare strategies and employee recruitment and retention. Erling Persson founded Hennes & Mauritz ( H & M) in 1947. It is headquartered in Stockholm, Sweden. H & M is a multinational retail clothing organization, known for its quick mold apparel for men, ladies, youngsters and kids. Besides the continuous efforts to improve the company’s financial performance, it exerts equal effort toward ensuring that the peoples’ well-fare and environmental safety is considered. On that note, the paper seeks to present a report to the Board of Directors of H & M Ltd. The primary focus of the report is on corporate social responsibility strategies to be implemented. The report will analyse how the proposed strategy will assimilate ecological responsibilities, social welfare, and recruitment and retention of employees (Sustainability.hm.com 2015). The idea of social obligation includes putting endeavors to tackle the issues made, by organizations, during the time spent generation of products and administrations. Organizations acquire the generation inputs from the earth. An uncontrolled asset extraction brings about consumption, which contrarily influences nature. For example, exorbitant blundering devastates the downpour catchment ranges. The movement adversely influences nature by diminishing

Energy Efficiency in Design & Construction Coursework

Energy Efficiency in Design & Construction - Coursework Example The old and traditional way of constructing building with the help of steel and glass are now considered inefficient after sufficient research in this area and new methods have been developed that can help in saving energy significantly (Rosemary, 2006, p. 5). Among all other sectors, commercial building sector is that sector, which consumes most of the energy. This is because of the ever-increasing number of commercial and public activities that require an increasing amount of heating, cooling, and air conditioning. Furthermore, with the growth of information technology, and the role that it is playing in improved means of communications; it is also adding to be one of the highest energy consuming sources. Ways to go Energy-Efficient! Some of the energy inefficient ways of construction include â€Å"investing in traditional HVAC (heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning), mercury vapor, or halogen lighting, using glass that does not resist heat loss and the like† (IEECB 201 2, 2012). ... ly and efficiently, installing motion sensors in rooms and offices that would turn off the lights automatically when no one is in the room and the like. Following are some of the energy efficient ways of designing and constructing that can not only help in controlling global warming, but can also save companies and residents millions of pounds (IEECB 2012, 2012). Alternatives to ventilation, heating and air conditioning have been found that give the same effect but consume much less energy. For example, double glazed windows are an amazing alternative to air-conditioning and it stops the heat from outside to enter inside. At the same time, it also acts as an instrument to cut noise. Similar is the case with compact fluorescent bulbs that save a lot energy as compared to their old counterpart, incandescent bulbs. Using thermal envelopes is one of the techniques to keep the heat where it is supposed to be. Thermal envelopes include everything and anything that separate the indoor of th e house from the outside. This includes proper insulation, wall, and roof assemblies, windows and the like (Crosbie, 1998, p. 14). Using wood for making house is extremely energy efficient. The houses made from wood are not only energy efficient, but also they are also long lasting and stable. R-value is an important factor in determining the intensity of insulation. The insulation material with high R-values would have higher heat resistance and thus are more energy efficient. The number of windows and its careful placement also helps in carefully saving the energy and using it efficiently. This is because windows become a medium of losing heat and in a typical house, windows lead to approximately 25 percent of heat loss. Therefore, experts suggest that in an energy efficient house, there

Use of Technology In Your Chosen Profession Assignment

Use of Technology In Your Chosen Profession - Assignment Example After the design is done, manufacturing is done with computer simulations on how the plane will perform under different flying conditions. The aircraft is improved and molded before the final testing to be licensed as safe to fly. Technology is used to develop sophisticated security systems to enable pilots to detect abnormalities during flight and avert disaster. Even when a plane crash has occurs; data recorders kept in the plane’s black box are consulted to trace the origin of the crash (ICAO, 2010). Such information is vital as it can be used to design new safety features or to avoid crashes due to similar reasons. Pilots use technology for communication while flying. Flying is a high-risk activity and pilots need to be in constant communication with flight control teams to report flight progress and show if there is any problem. Flight control teams use radar and satellite technology to track aircraft. Whenever a plane is lost midair, the ground control teams are able to detect it immediately and take appropriate and timely action to try and find the plane to rescue survivors. Unfortunately, it is very difficult to find survivors due to the impact of plane crashes that usually occur in the sea where passengers drown before any help can get to them. Pilots also use technology to entertain their passengers and make announcements to them regarding the flight. Technology is also used to enhance safety in the airline industry generally. Through the use of computer technology, airport personnel is able to ensure that planes do not collide midair or at the airport.

Present the current status of gene therapy for retinal diseases Research Paper

Present the current status of gene therapy for retinal diseases - Research Paper Example Diseases of the eye which have the potential of being treatable with gene therapy in future are retinitis pigmentosa, proliferative retinopathy, autoimmune uveitis, gyrate atrophy, age-related macular degeneration, retinoblastoma and Leber's congential amaurosis. Thus gene therapy has the potential to treat various inheritable retinal diseases in future. As of now, no product has been approved for clinical use and most of them are in clinical trial stage. Introduction Whenever a particular gene is defective or absent, there is either absence of a particular protein, or there is production of abnormal protein or the amount of protein produced is insufficient. This causes diseased states. Many of these diseases can be either prevented or treated by replacing the abnormal gene, or by introducing the absent gene or by supplementing the defective gene. Using genes thus to prevent or treat a disease is known as gene therapy (HGPI, 2009). This is an experimental technique and is done by ins erting genetic material into the patient’s cells. The genes thus introduced exert their benefits by either compensating for the abnormal genes or by producing beneficial protein or by supplementing the abnormal gene (Hecht, 2004). ... g genetic material into cells that cause cancer cells to revert back to normal cells, delivering genes of bacteria or virus as a form of vaccination, elivering genetic material that either impedes or promotes growth of a new tissue and delivering genetic material that stimulates healing of a damaged tissue (Hecht, 2004). Currently, research is going on for gene therapy by various approaches in different parts of the world for various diseases like combined immuno-deficiencies, hemophilia, Parkinson's disease, cancer and even HIV. Thus, gene therapy has emerged as one of the novel treatment strategies for several untreatable diseases (Singh and Tripathi, 2002). One significant area in which enormous research has been done with regard to gene therapy is retinal diseases. In this article, the current status of gene therapy for retinal diseases will be discussed through review of suitable literature. Why is retina suitable for gene therapy? Several genes which are responsible for various inherited retinal disorders have been identified (Dejneka and Bennett, 2001). Eye, especially retina, is one of the best suitable targets for gene therapy because of easy accessibility and allowance for local application of various therapeutic agents, along with decreased risk for systemic effects. Another major advantage is that the effects of therapy can be monitored through various non-invasive tests. Of the parts in the ocular system, retina is the most suitable candidate for gene therapy. This is because; the amount of virus that needs to be injected into the retina is just 1/1000 of that needed for other systemic diseases (Singh and Tripathi, 2002). The blood ocular barrier that is present in the eye separates eye from other parts of the body and protects retina. This barrier

Studying Language Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Studying Language - Essay Example In addition, social variations in the use of dialects exist, the linguistic levels to which these can be applied include vocabulary, idiomacity, grammar and pronunciation. In simple terms, this is the words used, the special meanings and forms they are used in, the way they are place within sentences and how they are spoken. How dialect, or its social variation 'sociolect' is used, depends on the situation a person is in elements of which are described as who, what and where, all of which will impact on the style of language usage. For example, people will often use what they describe as their 'posh' or 'telephone' voice when answering a call. So somebody from Northern Ireland, speaking in a 'casual style' of dialect, may greet a friend or acquaintance with adda boutcha(How are you), will change this to ow're ya doin- still dialectic, but in the 'careful' style when meeting someone new or who they consider superior. There is more attention paid to the use of speech, with the changes in vocabulary, idiom and pronunciation, bearing out the contention that situations influence how speech is monitored. In sociolinguistic terms, shared knowledge of a language by a sufficient number of people creates a dialect. As with many languages, dialects have their own peculiar sounding of words, particularly where vowe ls are concerned. An illustration which shows how this works comes from the East Yorkshire coast. Received pronunciation, or indeed other parts of Britain, will fully round out the vowel sounds in the words 'bonny bairn'. With the flattened vowel sounds of Hull and the East Coast, this becomes something like 'bernie bern' - which takes 2. the issue into the realms of the use of words in dialect. 'Bonny' could be 'beautiful' elsewhere, and of course 'bairn' is 'baby'. The Scots and Irish would sound the 'r', but it is virtually silent in the Hull example. Other examples of different lexical terms demonstrate dialectic differences where one part of the country talks about having dinner, another calls it supper. In American English, a lift becomes an elevator and the police station is the precinct, and so on. The precinct is where shopping takes place in large British cities, but the Americans go to the mall. So it can safely be said that everybody talks in a dialect of some sort, or at least incorporates linguistic elements of regional or social variations into verbal communication, true about all languages, worldwide. One amazing example of Ulster dialectic mystery concerns the sedum plant of the dark, ruby red flowered variety. In Northern Ireland, this is a 'Mullingar Heifer' and it is difficult to imagine what a nat ive of Bristol would make of it. Coupled with dialect, the regional accent is found, which may account for confusion as to differences in definition. Accent is defined (COD, p.6) as . Prominence given to syllable by stress or in some languages, by pitch[...]2. Individual, local or national mode of pronunciation;An accent refers to a more general pronunciation of English and (indeed other languages) and is not specifically applied to traditional dialect words. The different linguistic levels involved with accents are described as Segmental phonemic (units of significant sounds) and Suprasegmental stress, rhythm and intonation. Speaking with a regional accent determines a person's geographical origins,

Children's Language Acquisition - Nature vs Nurture Essay

Children's Language Acquisition - Nature vs Nurture - Essay Example vocabulary extends beyond the basics, they are able to think for themselves and further develop their language skills through expression (Unsworth, 2013). It has been found that nature gives children the ability to acquire language but it does not give them the language itself because the latter is an aspect of humanity which develops due to nurture. It is for this reason that most of the children who are born in one culture can easily adapt to another culture and language as long as they are still young enough to adjust to their new environment. It is normally the environment in which a child is raised that determines his or her rate of language acquisition, so that there are some who acquire it much earlier than others. Thus, one would suggest that nurture plays a more significant role in the language acquisition of children than nature because while the latter facilitates the development of the parts necessary for speech, it is nurture which enables the development and advancement of the skills required for the sake of language acquisition. While speech is a natural part of human beings, language is based on nurture and it is mainly the language that is spoken in the environment that children are raised in that they are able to acquire it. The influence of biological, social and cultural factors have been said to affect the shaping of the different aspects of language acquisition among children. It is a fact that both nature and nurture played a role in language acquisition, the latter hiving existed for almost as long as the human race has existed and it is quite possible that they will continue to exist in the foreseeable future. The acquisition of language among children is a basic part of their daily lives and is manifested within the society by observable factors within the environment that they grow. Thus, children are normally able to acquire language through their interaction with older members of their society and this is normally done in such a manner

Brave New World and Ethics Essay Example for Free

Brave New World and Ethics Essay Barely peeking over the horizon the barren landscape sparkled as rays of light pierced the darkness driving away the aches and pain from their tired bodies. Straining his eyes he saw the river glowing far in the distance looking so harmless in daylight. Shuddering softly the dark churning waters of the previous night haunted him as he look at the serene form of his wife as she lay in fitful slumber. Turning around he allowed himself one last chance to partake in sweet memories of friends, family, his country, all left behind. As his wife stirred he turned around. He never looked back. Forward they walked towards opportunities untold. Forward they walk towards a new beginning. Forward they walked in America, home of the free. For centuries humans have forsaken the comforts of their current situations in search of a better existence for themselves and their families. From migrating thousands of miles to overthrowing governments humans have a knack for defying the odds successfully in pursuit of their morals and values. Descendant from a primitive apelike people, humans developed over thousands of years morphing into a super species where science is exalted in the quest to dominate nature. In the modern era, scientific and technological advancement are idolized as successes in these fields test the limits of our imaginations. With recent discoveries in genetics and the decoding of the human genome, scientists and politicians today work tirelessly towards complete control of the human body, plants, animals with dazzling results and further successes projected even up to the creation of synthetic life. However, many lines of research have sparked considerable controversy as society moves into an age of untold possibilities. The book Brave New World by Aldous Huxely portrays a futuristic society where humans have been molded into a cast system through chemical mutations, mind altering drugs, and psychological conditioning. With all classic philosophy, literature, and history destroyed as relics of the past, society stands static without any knowledge of a societal reality more primitive or advanced than the status quo. Despite current societal movement towards genetic modification and enhancement, the censorship and elimination of creative perspective present in Huxely’s utopia contradict the individualism and sense of self gave driving society forward. Modern society will never mirror Huxely’s utopia do to the innate spirituality and drive for growth that characterizes human nature. Brave New World depicts a society where humans control their bodies and environment through chemical treatments. Although scientifically impossible, this basic premise of environmental control becomes a reality when utilizing the principles of modern genomics. Over the last two decades scientists have gradually decoded every gene and strand of DNA that allows the human body to function. The gravity of this feat is insurmountable opening the door to limitless possibilities. But despite identifying several the causes of several common polygenic disorders (disorders in which several gene are implicated) and identifying the genes responsible for several Mendelian disorders, the promise of Gene therapy has â€Å"proved nothing but a pipe dream†(Kass). Beyond the elimination of disease, genetically enhanced and altered crops have increased in popularity. Several strains of crops such as cotton, corn, and soybeans have been enhanced with artificial genes that produce insecticides or resistance to herbicides. Furthermore, scientists are attempting to genetically modify plants, insects, and bacteria. Geneticists hope that in the near future genetically engineered plants will have the ability to feed on toxic pollutants. And certain bacteria have already been altered to produce chemicals valuable in manufacturing such as adipic acid, one of the ingredients in nylon, and teraphthalic acid, a component of a specialist polyester (Kass). With the possibilities of producing indestructible crops, plants that eliminate pollutants, and genetically modified fauna to produce chemicals, the economic stability and general prosperity depicted in Brave New World may become a reality in years to come. Furthermore, Huxley’s utopia presented a society where being a mother or father was considered vile and disgusting. Children were manufactured in â€Å"Hatchery And Conditioning Centers† where embryos were designed and enhanced with a complex cocktail of chemical additives in a manufacturing process. Currently modern technology has not developed a method of substituting natural birth conditions and genetically altering an embryo is close to impossible (Kass). But the prospect of genetically modified embryos dubbed â€Å"Designer Babies† lurks in the future. When these techniques develop society will possess the capabilities of genetically determining the capabilities of newborns despite whether artificial birth exists. From an ideological view, the extreme dehumanization in Brave New World may seem difficult to comprehend, but as generation builds on generation, the evolution of cultural practices and values inches society closer a similar state. As science allows society to conquer infertility or improve the genetic makeup of a child, birth moves one step closer to a manufacturing process (Carr). Even when moving beyond the technological transformations, the dominant explanation of organic life is the theory of evolution which directly undermines the value of human life (Carr). Rather than beings with spirits and a divine purpose, society diminishes mankind to nothing more than a meaningless collection of cells whose purpose is reproduction. Regardless of the technological and ideological influences that create a level of symmetry with Huxely’s utopia, our society can never reach the extremes presented in Brave New World because the core cultural values depicted directly contradict those our society ascribe to. Benjamin Franklin once said, â€Å"Without continual growth and progress, such words as improvement, achievement, and success have no meaning†. Brave New World depicted such a society where those not in a drug induced coma or suffering from purposeful cognitive damage were confined to a bland meaningless existence. Our society today is designed to award the innovative and talented as all struggle to achieve individual success. Emphasizing individual growth and achievement, our society will never sit static and unchanged as the world depicted in Huxely’s work.

The Gallipoli Campaign And Living Conditions

The Gallipoli Campaign And Living Conditions On the 25th of April 1915, 16000 Australian and New Zealand Army Corps (ANZAC) troops landed two kilometers north of GabaTepe in the Gallipoli Peninsula to prevent Turkish troops moving back from the south and arriving from the north. However, the Gallipoli Campaign did not begin smoothly for the ANZAC troops. By the times the troops had arrived, the Turkish forces were already located at the top of the cliff with reinforcements and weaponry on both sides of the beach. More than 50000 Australians and 8500 New Zealanders served in Gallipoli, with about 10000 deaths and 26000 casualties by December 1915. Living Conditions The Gallipoli peninsula is full of steep valleys, cliffs and narrow beaches. When the troops arrived in April1915, it was still spring with pleasant weather. However as summer approached, the temperature soared and it was very hot both during the day and at night, preventing the soldiers from getting a good nights sleep. During the winter months, the troops had to endure freezing blizzards, snow and frost. The men did not have enough clothes for these freezing conditions and so would huddle up together with dirty old blankets in an attempt to keep warm. Many men had to have their toes or feet amputated due to severe frostbite. There was also not enough food and water for the troops. Water would arrive from Egypt via supply ships, however there was never enough. The food mainly consisted of canned meat, hard biscuits, tea, sugar and jam, with small quantities of bread sometimes being supplied. I wrapped my overcoat over the tin and gouged out the flies, then spread the biscuit, held my hand over it and drew the biscuit out of the coat. A lot of flies flew into my mouth and beat about inside. The troops lived, slept and ate in dugouts known as trenches. The troops were surrounded by trenches filled with dirty water; open toilet pits, empty food cans, disease-carrying flies, lice, mosquitoes and rats, as well as rotting dead bodies. As a result, disease, such as diarrhea, was widespread due to poor hygiene. Source 1 shows an Australian soldier describing the difficulties of eating during summer Source 1: Living Conditions (Anderson, M, et al. (2010) Retroactive 2 Stage 5 Australian History, 3rd Edition, John Wiley Sons, Australia) As well as these terrible living conditions, the Anzacs had to remain aware of the constant threats from the Turks. The Battles Lone Pine The battle at Lone Pine occurred in August 1915. It was a plan devised to attack the Turkish troops at Lone Pine to help the Anzacs gain control of Sari Bair and Suvla Bay. The Anzacs surprised the Turks by coming from underground tunnels. The Anzacs attacked the Turkish trenches and for the next three days war was among the trenches. The Anzacs succeeded however there were 2300 Anzac casualties and 6000 Turkish casualties. Seven Australians were awarded Victoria Crosses, the highest military decoration, for their great work in defending the trenches. Source 2 shows a trench at Lone Pine after the battle. http://dev.links.com.au/data/awm/upload/Image/A02025.JPG Source 2: A trench at Lone Pine after the battle, showing Australian and Turkish dead on the parapet. Heroes John Simpson Kirkpatrick was born in Britain and later moved to Australia. He enlisted in the army in August 1914. He served as Private John Fitzpatrick in the 3rd field ambulance. He became famous for his bravery in the one month he lived during the war. He would walk in the middle of the battle field, with a donkey, supplying water and carrying injured comrades back to the beach on ANZAC cove. He was killed on the 19th of May by enemy machine gun fire. Even if he served for a short period of time he is one of the most famous icons of World War 1. John Simpson Kirkpatrick is shown here with his donkey in 1915 at Anzac Cove in Source 3.http://vrroom.naa.gov.au/Images/Simpson%20and%20his%20donkey,%20Gallipoli1_11405235_tcm11-18424.jpg The Landing It was in 1914, when the British Government decided to interfere with the Western Front and weaken Germany, by attacking Turkey. The first attacks in Feburary and March 1915 failed, with ships attacked by mines and shellfire. It was not until April 1915, when British, French and Anzac troops landed around Cape Helles and Dardanelles and GabaTepe. This landing however was not a smooth and positive start for the troops, as the Turks had had six weeks notice before the invasion. By the times the troops had arrived, the Turkish forces were already located at the top of the cliff with reinforcements and weaponry on both sides of the beach. The Anzacs immediately built shallow trenches on the first night to protect them selves from the on going Turkish fire. By the first night 16000 soldiers had landed on the beach, from those 16000 men over 2000 Australian men had either died or been wounded. The Leaders The two main leaders which governed the Anzac troops were General Sir Ian Hamilton and Admiral Sir John de Robeck. General Otto Liman von Sanders and Mustafa Kemal Pasha were the two men in charge of the Turkish troops. It was the new commander, General Sir Charles Munro who went ahead with the evacuation rather than continue on with the battle. The Withdrawal In December 1915, the Anzac troops withdrew from Anzac Cove and Suvla Bay in a quiet and slow fashion to prevent the Turks from noticing. With the withdrawal, it was important that all the troops knew that the lives of all the men were more important than saving any weapons or equipment. Only two men were wounded during the evacuation from Anzac Cove. Altogether, there were a total 26000 casualties among the Anzac troops with 10000 deaths. Weapons used by the ANZACs The main weapons used during the Gallipoli Campaign ranged from clubs to rifles to grenades (Source 4). The clubs had cast iron heads with rough timber shafts. The Lee-Enfield Rifle was the most common service rifle used. The standard issued Lee-Enfield was about half a meter long, with a 43cm blade and handle. With the grenades, Model 5 Mills Bombs were used, where each user had to assemble their own bomb. http://www.diggerhistory.info/images/weapons-ww1-allied/smle1mk3r.jpghttp://www.diggerhistory.info/images/weapons-ww1-allied/mills-ww1.jpgCold Steel. The bayonet for the SMLE rifle. Source 4: Gallipoli Weaponry The anniversary of the landings, April 25, is celebrated as ANZAC Day and is both Australias and New Zealands most significant day of military remembrance.

A Project In Al Ain City Tourism Essay

A Project In Al Ain City Tourism Essay Introduction of Al Ain City Al Ain city is immaterial part of Emirate. The meaning of Al Ain in Arabic is The Spring. It holds greatest Emirates culture. Its geographical area is 1,270,000 hectares. Al Ain city have many distinct geographical areas with different characteristics. The population of Al Ain City are 540,000 with 400,000 regions. This city is very important as a social and economic hub. Al Ain city located in west of Hajar mountains. (Al Ain City Introduction) Business in Al Ain City Private organizations are extremely valued in Al Ain City. In this city fresh ideas are always promoted. If you are going to set a new business in Al Ain City, Following information will helpful for your business. This will give you a brief idea on how to get business start-up. It will also tell you about getting business license and registry. (Business in Al AIn City) If you have an effective business plan and wand to take a safest step forward in new business then Al Ain city is the right place for establishing your business. Procedures are very simple and transparent. This procedure takes only few days if you have all documents those are required by relevant authorities. (Business Startup) SWOT Analysis SWOT analysis comes under Marketing Management. After applying management plans SWOT analysis is used. SWOT stands for Strengths (S), Weaknesses (W), Opportunities (O) and Threats (T). Strengths and weaknesses are the part of internal process. Opportunities and threats are the external process of any business firm. SWOT analysis is very effective for business in Al Ain City. SWOT analysis for any business in Al Ain city explained below: (SWOT Introduction) Strengths Strengths of Al Ain organization depends on the resources and capabilities that they are using in their organization. These are the basics for developing a competitive advantage. Simple examples of these strengths are: Al Ain organization has patents for their business. It has strong brand name In all over emirate Al Ain organization has good reputation among their consumers or customers. Al Ain knows follows all laws related to their field and always updated from these new laws. It is the cost advantage for Al Ain Organization. Al Ain organization uses the best natural resources for exclusive access. Al Ain has robust economy. It has political stability Weaknesses Weaknesses are the lacking of strengths of any organization. Al Ain organization has also some weaknesses such as: Such laws are there that we cant understand easily. If our business brand name is not powerful. Brand name should be according to Al Ain city religion. Poor performance in front of customers is also a weakness. Highly structured coast. If Business man do not about access to good natural resources. In many cases sometime, a weakness becomes strength for organization. (Strengths and Weaknesses) Opportunities Opportunities are an external part of any organization. For doing business in Al Ain city you have to follow SWOT analysis. So you can find out the opportunities for business in Al Ain: Al Ain citys customer belongs to Islamic culture so you need to understand the customer requirements and satisfaction of customers. Al Ain city have many types of new technologies so these are the opportunities for stabilising business in Al Ain city. Loosening of Regulations Remove the international trade barriers Threats Changing in the external part of an organization also creates many threats. Some examples are: Customers taste always varies according to time change. So organizations always disable to know these things. Growth of substitute product is also creates a threat for an Organization. Increased trade barriers. (Opportunities and threats) Porters Diamond of National Advantage Increasingly, corporate schema does have to be seen globally. Even if an Al Ain organization does not imagine to import-export directly but now they can import and export directly. Because there are many competitors in market, they provide better service so this is the key factor for increasing domestic market. Information technology is making strong to this trend. Michael Porter describes a model that gives permission for analyzing why few nations are competitive than others nations are. He also described that what is the reason behind the success of domestic companies in compression of other nations company. This model is the Advantage for any organization who wants to set our business in Al Ain city. In This model Determining actors of national advantage is known as Porters Diamond. It proposed that organization should have better national home base. It pays an important role for achieving advantage in a global market. This home base helps for building advantages in universal comp etition. Factor Conditions Production factors, infrastructure, like skilled labor etc. These factors are important for setting a business in Al Ain city. These factors provide competitive advantage if we have quality in those factors. These factors categorized into human resources, material resources, knowledge resources, infrastructure, and capital resources. Quality of research, liquidity of national stock markets and deregulation come under factor. Every country has its own set of factor conditions. It explains cost of any organization. Home Demand Conditions Home demand conditions tell the demand of product in market for an organization. They increase the demand of product and quality of service. Porter states that a company can get national advantages in market segment, if company knows home demand clearly. Home demand condition states the value of product demand in international market. Related and supporting Industries The industries that can coordinate activities in the value chain together are called supporting industry. These supporting industry help for improving over business. You are going to set-up a business in Al Ain city so you should collaborate with other well known organization. Firm Strategy, Structure, and Rivalry Condition in Al Ain tell that what will be the growth of your business, how to organize your business, achievement of goals etc. It provides advantages and disadvantages to your company. Your way of giving instruction is also matters in company. (Porters Diamond) PEST Analysis Al Ain city in UAE operates in micro and macro environment, there are particulars are changing time to time. An internal and external factor of any organization determines the formulation of right strategies and business. The PEST is the only best technique to determines the scanning of macro level environment, in which four factors include as follows (PEST Introduction) P : Political Factors E : Economic Factors S : Socio-cultural Factors T : Technology Factors Political Factors Political Factors majorly cover: Al Ain is the part of the UAE in which the rate of crime is low as well as politically stable city. Also, with the UAE it enjoys financial stability. Its well-developed Infrastructure, robust banking structure features extensive credit and service facilities with ample liquidity for peoples and outsiders or visitors as well. Al Ain has a leading-edge technologies and sound regulatory systems in the city. The government is also committed to consistent commitment to business development, good economic policies including all kind of protection into logical property rights. The UAE benefits from stable and pleasant industrial relations. Finally, there is a well structured, sound legal framework for strong business and a healthy set of ownership rules. Particularly a political factor covers in following points Taxes on product and services Employment news Tariffs Trade Political stability Government policy on economy Control on immigration. Government stability has provided here less taxes duties and food service products with kind of great varieties in shopping centres. Foreigners are permitted to have an ownership right of up to 49% for limited liability companies established within the Emirate of Dubai and up to 100% for number of professional companies, including its branches and representative offices in different cities. All of these factors perfectly give a positive view about Al Ain City. (Political Factor) Economic Factors Economic Factors are important to get the power of customer means purchasing strength of people, stability of economy. The fluctuation of economy impacts the product prices and services there. So more or less following factors are play a vital role Higher the interest rate lowers the investment Economic growth in terms of GDP Inflation rate Exchange rates Very low inflation and unemployment Favourable prediction for growth in the economy Lack of corporate reform Al Ain city is known as the garden city of the Gulf; it is witnessing a marvellous boom in all economic sectors and social activities.   At the time of Town planning, as per the Annual Statistical report of the Al Ain Municipality, in 2002 the Department has issued 1062 fresh construction licenses and interestingly only 53 of them related to government, 12902 new trade licenses also including 2556 for restaurants (2904 in 2001). The number of central parks increased to 26, covering a large area and raised the huge number of date palm trees.   As far as the business growth has increased, a new with high height shopping mall has been added to the city along with a good number of small and medium size businesses and a lot of housing compounds and new multi-storey buildings, as well as a Sheraton Hotel (five star) is under construction. (Economical Factor) Socio-cultural Factors Modern society is playing vital role in development of city with municipal organizations. The bases of them are social and economical environment, municipalitys facilities, and infrastructure.   This city has also known as Garden city of the Gulf. Al ain municipality is providing remarkable service to have latest and highest standards of scientific and technology quality. Al ain municipality also committed to get excellence through its development of business systems. (Socio-cultural Factor) The city of Al Ain, meaning the spring in Arabic has remarkable history and excellent heritage in it. The organization named ADACH, Abu Dhabi Authority for Culture and Heritage is focusing restoration part of its strategy plan to preserve or guard the physical heritage of Abu Dhabi. Historic buildings require more maintenance. ADACH is responsible for providing the protection to its tangible cultural heritage of Abu Dhabi, and this encompasses the maintenance of buildings, considering a number of sites and important projects, with an extreme focus on historic buildings. Meanwhile, Dr. Sami Al Masri, Deputy Director of department of General for Arts, Culture and Heritage at ADACH, said that a program has been launched for the renovation of a group of historic buildings. All these buildings really needed an immediate intervention, to assure their safety and to avoid deterioration. (Socio- cultural in Al Ain) Technology Factors Technology has a very exploring and rapid growth in the field of construction, expansions, growth with application to the Al-Ain City in Dubai, UAE. These are the use of Virtual Reality techniques really put Al Ain city a bit ahead in technology field. Currently, Reality packs are the most increasing fields of information technology and have a great media attention. There is evidence to suggest that the use of such technology will enhance conceivable image of any aspect of project development at any urban setting for customers, users and clients. So, the city officials and administrators as well as public (users) can reach better life style within their towns and cities. A basic VR model to the street is a very good example of technology construction. The buildings heights in the street are telling the story of growth of technology here. The technology is providing the great look and feel for the visual quality of the city. In essence the part of this study showed that Al Ain visualization is proving to be a remarkable tool for technology designers and planners. Increasing the heights of buildings in the mid-street shows the technologys height and on the edges, along with enforcing distinctive architectural styles for the proposed buildings will enhance the overall quality of the street. Additionally, decreasing the strength of current vegetation and tree heights will increase the imaginable quality of the street. However, the built of a comprehend VR model needs more time, resources and. This report, shows to us that we are moving fast with the help of technology and its day by day new inventions. Human lives are keeping cool by technology. We are now more comfortable to identify existing problems and to quickly evaluate alternative solutions to those problems. (technology factor)

BRILLIANT MINDS :: Essays Papers

BRILLIANT MINDS Abstract Frank and Lillian Gilbreth were two of the great pioneers of in the study of Scientific Management. Two of there major writings were on Fatigue Study and Motion Study. Business scholars use many of their writings, today. Many of their results affect the work conditions in many companies. Brilliant Minds of Frank and Lillian Gilbreth Frank Gilbreth was born on July 7, 1868 in Fairfield, Maine. Lillian Gilbreth was born on June 24, 1924 in Montclair, New Jersey. The Gilbreths' are considered two of the greatest American scholars in the field of scientific management. Many professional business managers use many of their writings. Many of their writings include The Psychology of Management, Fatigue Study, Motion Study for the Handicapped, Applied Motion Study, Motion Study, Primer of Scientific Management, Bricklaying System, and Concrete System. One of the great literary writings by the Gilbreths was the study of motion. Motion study is a means to permanent and practical waste elimination (Gilbreth, 1917). This work is aim to describe the work areas that motion study can be or is being applied and different methods to apply to the study. Finally, the result of the study. Motion study was mainly used in American Industry. The goal of this study was to eliminate unnecessary effort used in the industry to as low as possible. The improvement of a job task while increasing productivity was the result. The American industrial sector was used because it was expanding during this time and America needed to improve industrial techniques to remain competitive against other countries. Motion study analyzed every detailed in the operation to perform a particular task and determined the method which used the least amount of energy. An example of this research is the assembly of piece used in the production of the braider manufactured by the New England Butt Company (Gilberth 1917). After analysis using motion study there was a three hundred and fifty percent increase in production with no increase in worker fatigue (Gilbreth 1917). The analysis consisted of what is the unit of measure, the difference methods used, and devices needed. All three are needed to be in corporated to obtain a result. The use of chronocyclegraph motion devices was another method used in motion study. Chronocyclegraph devices were used in the study to formulate a precise scientific conclusion to an investigation. Clocks, temperature, and location devices was used during the study.

Essay on Convergence in A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man :: Portrait Artist Young Man

Convergence in A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man    As far as portraits go, James Joyce's A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man is pretty dynamic.   Stephen is constantly in motion, hurtling through life. He sees, smells, and touches everything around him.   But I'd like to focus on one of the quieter moments - a moment of convergence.   The narrative encloses Stephen in a cloud of his own past, present, and future as he stands in a Dublin courtyard:    He began to beat the frayed end of his ashplant against the base of the pillar.   Had Cranly not heard him?   Yet he could wait.   The talk about him ceased for a moment: and a soft hiss fell again from a window above.   But no other sound was in the air and the swallows whose flight had followed with idle eyes were sleeping. [1]    Stephen's impatience melts as his quiet thoughts replace whatever he was about to say to Cranly.   He closes his senses off to his companions, to the roosting sounds of the birds in the courtyard and the jangle of the streets.   He hears only "a soft hiss".   This is the point of intersection for Stephen, and for the narrative itself.   Stephen remembers a quiet moment of prayer "in a wood near Malahide" - the past.   He thinks of Emma walking through the streets of Dublin leaving a trail of reverent silence.   She is the now.   Stephen beats an ashplant - a convenient prop for a poet - against a pillar and decides that he can wait.   Darkness is falling - it's almost tomorrow, almost the future.   This moment of quiet convergence for Stephen is a point of intersection for the reader: past, present, and future meet in a dusky Dublin courtyard.   Joyce incorporates several layers of his own creation into the scene - draws on his own "Epiphanies" and gives Stephen a prop to carry into Ulysses.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In chapter five of the novel, Joyce sets up this meditative moment for Stephen, has him remember a quiet moment of prayer from his past:    . . . he had dismounted from a borrowed creaking bicycle to pray to God in a wood near Malahide. He had lifted up his arms and spoken in ecstasy to the sombre nave of the trees, knowing that he stood on holy ground and in a holy hour. Essay on Convergence in A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man :: Portrait Artist Young Man Convergence in A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man    As far as portraits go, James Joyce's A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man is pretty dynamic.   Stephen is constantly in motion, hurtling through life. He sees, smells, and touches everything around him.   But I'd like to focus on one of the quieter moments - a moment of convergence.   The narrative encloses Stephen in a cloud of his own past, present, and future as he stands in a Dublin courtyard:    He began to beat the frayed end of his ashplant against the base of the pillar.   Had Cranly not heard him?   Yet he could wait.   The talk about him ceased for a moment: and a soft hiss fell again from a window above.   But no other sound was in the air and the swallows whose flight had followed with idle eyes were sleeping. [1]    Stephen's impatience melts as his quiet thoughts replace whatever he was about to say to Cranly.   He closes his senses off to his companions, to the roosting sounds of the birds in the courtyard and the jangle of the streets.   He hears only "a soft hiss".   This is the point of intersection for Stephen, and for the narrative itself.   Stephen remembers a quiet moment of prayer "in a wood near Malahide" - the past.   He thinks of Emma walking through the streets of Dublin leaving a trail of reverent silence.   She is the now.   Stephen beats an ashplant - a convenient prop for a poet - against a pillar and decides that he can wait.   Darkness is falling - it's almost tomorrow, almost the future.   This moment of quiet convergence for Stephen is a point of intersection for the reader: past, present, and future meet in a dusky Dublin courtyard.   Joyce incorporates several layers of his own creation into the scene - draws on his own "Epiphanies" and gives Stephen a prop to carry into Ulysses.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In chapter five of the novel, Joyce sets up this meditative moment for Stephen, has him remember a quiet moment of prayer from his past:    . . . he had dismounted from a borrowed creaking bicycle to pray to God in a wood near Malahide. He had lifted up his arms and spoken in ecstasy to the sombre nave of the trees, knowing that he stood on holy ground and in a holy hour.

Key Ingredients that Engendered the Protestant Reformation Essay

Since the foundations of the Christian faith, the Catholic denomination has consistently been the most powerful and largest church community. The Pope held supreme religious power over the world and eventually held position as an important governmental figure. Throughout the times of the Middle Ages and Renaissance the Roman Catholic Church was the central basis and concern for all people. They forced people to obey their laws and pay sums of money under the threat of possible excommunication if disobedience occurred. The civilians during these time periods were helpless against the church’s power; they could not read or even understand the services or teachings of the Bible, so they were forced to trust the Roman Catholic Church for all knowledge that was shared. However, despite the church’s great religious authority, disputes and lax practices had grown up within the church, but it was not until the invention of the printing press when the followers of the Roman Catholic Church began to recognize such discrepancies. The issues of the sales of indulgences and the elevating power of the Roman Catholic Church lead corruption further into the religious establishment, but due to the invention of the printing press and to the rise of individualism the Protestant Reformation continued to thrive. Before the introduction of indulgences, the Catholic Church practiced the orthodox routine of confessions. The sales of indulgences were created for the sinner to pay their debt out of purgatory, but not to replace the practicing of confessions. The public began rapidly using the sales of indulgences to pardon their sins, rather than attending confessions, but little did they know the profits were going to towards the construction of St. Peter’s Bastille. The sale of indulgences gradually began to be questioned. Were the sales of indulgences in compliance with the scriptures in the Bible? Martin Luther proved and additionally acknowledged that the sales of indulgences were not in scriptural compliance through the postings of his ninety-five theses, and thus revealing a large falsification within the exalted Roman Catholic Church. Beyond the sales of indulgences, no one could argue that the church was not  corrupt. Holding vast wealth, exercising enormous political power and waging war, it was administered by holders of patronage positions that had more interest in lining their pockets that in promoting the welfare of their religious community. The Catholic Church issued a strict set of rules for its followers to obey, but ironically, the church officials were seemingly unable to obey the rubles as well. The celibacy of priests began to be questioned. In Europe, bishops and the clergy often lived like aristocrats, and seemed part of the ruling elite. Corruption was widespread, for example: bishops were not undertaking religious duties, or even not living in their own administrative division. In France, the King rather than the Pope chose people for church positions. These practices for selection of church officials began to resemble the electing of a political figure rather than a church position. The image of the church was beginning to evolve with their power as it began to grow into a governmental house instead of a religious foundation. Unfortunately for the public, the perverse aspects within the church system were not discovered soon enough. It was not until the invention of the printing press that the public could for the first time read their own scriptures of the Bible. Furthermore, the new availability began allowing the readers to form their own religious beliefs and thereafter creating a new sense of individualism. Through the mass production of the Bible from the printing press the church was for the first time opposed by competition through the opinions of the people. They began to realize on their own the false and corrupted practices within the Roman Catholic Church. Thus, a vast majority of the worshipers in the Roman Catholic Church began to convert the teachings of Martin Luther. The public could now see the arguments that Luther made were creditable with scripture to induce them as well. Martin Luther appealed to the masses because he imposed a simple church. He said that the average person could have a relationship with God without going through the religious officials. Luther’s teachings were more applicable to the lifestyles of the common man and in a result the Protestant Reformation was launched. The Catholic Church could not suppress his actions because of the fact that the majority of the public was on his side. Finally, when Martin Luther posted his ninety-five theses he was not searching for a way to create a new protestant belief of religion or to begin a famous movement in history, he was simply surfacing his concerns with the Roman Catholic system. To Luther, indulgences were not right because there were no scriptures to back up the ideas. Eventually the public came to agree with him. The Roman Catholic Church most certainly supplied the ingredients to engender the Protestant Reformation. Martin Luther simply acted on them and with the help of publication it was a success. But was the move of many from the Catholic to Protestant a long lasting success? No, over a long period of time many people that converted to Protestantism converted back to Catholicism, but despite this, the actions and reforms accomplished during the Protestant Reformation changed and affected many lives then and to come.

Economics of Preventive Health care Essay

In order to fully appreciate the magnitude of determining cost effectiveness in healthcare outcomes management and planning, a short primer on healthcare economics is required (Block, 2006). According to Block, many professional programs do not teach the basic concepts and theories of healthcare economics as part of the medical school curriculum in the applied medical science; often both clinicians and administrators realize the importance that healthcare economics plays in the delivery of healthcare goods and services during the practical experience. The quest for better and more affordable healthcare is prompted an increasing number of businesses to contract with Health Maintenance Organizations to provide insurance coverage to employees and their families (Graber, 1998). Based on Garber, HMO’s typically try to promote the maintenance of proper health by encouraging a comprehensive approach to healthcare as a means of preventing more serious problems in the future; as a result of this trend, healthcare providers everywhere now place additional emphasis on preventive healthcare. This type of healthcare focuses on patient instruction in areas such as proper eating habits, weight control, stress management, exercise, cholesterol reduction, and eliminating smoking (Askew et. al, 2001). According to Garber, the goal of this approach is to help the patient avoid complications that can result from a destructive lifestyle. Public spending on human development increased with rising GDP per capita, and was generally concentrated on programs that benefited the poor, such as primary and secondary education and basic curative and preventive healthcare (Haggard, 2000). According to Block, when beginning to explore the basic concepts and theories of healthcare economics, one question arises: â€Å"Why do individual patients and the community-at-large demand healthcare goods and services? Several factors have been identified to answer this question; first, the United States has been experiencing changes in the age structure of the general population for several decades – people are generally living longer, but not necessarily healthier, with adequate functionality and an excellent quality of life. Second, as real and disposable income has increased, consumers of healthcare delivery goods and services have deployed higher expectations with respect to healthcare outcomes. Finally, improvements in healthcare technology and the growth of medical informatics as a separate discipline within the applied medical sciences have lead to an increased range of healthcare interventions; as the demand for healthcare goods and services continues to change and evolve within the next few decades, the need for professional healthcare administrators and clinicians to better understand the basic concepts and theories of healthcare economics becomes more critical. Health economics may be broadly defined as the application of theories, concepts and techniques of economics to the healthcare delivery system (qtd. n Block, 2006). As Block stated, several key areas of interest within the discipline of applied medicals sciences include: the allocation of resources (i. e. , land, labor, and capital) between various health promoting activities; the quantity of resources used in healthcare delivery; the administrative organization and funding of healthcare institutions; the efficiency with which healthcare resources are allocated and used for clinical and administrative healthcare delivery; and, the effects of preventive, curative, and rehabilitative healthcare services on individual utility and societal welfare. The overall aim of healthcare economics is to inform the healthcare constituencies so that the choices for allocating and using healthcare goods and services maximize the benefits and outcomes to the applicable population and individuals (Block, 2006). According to Block, healthcare economics may be examined at both a macro and micro level of attention. A closer look into the macroeconomics of healthcare delivery in the United States is required; there are some basic U.  S. healthcare economic indicators that must be explained including the annual health expenditure, the rate of healthcare inflation, the per capita healthcare expenditure, and the distribution of healthcare expenditures (Block, 2006). Based on the article â€Å"Does Preventive Care save Money? Health Economics and the Presidential Candidates† that I have read, I can say that as of now there is a little variation on the effect of preventive healthcare on its effectiveness. I agree with Cohen, that definitely, a number of proofs do imply that there are ‘opportunities’ to advance health and save money by ‘prevention’ but ‘far-reaching statements’ about ‘cost-saving potential’ of prevention conversely, are ‘overreaching’. I think that it is correct that avoiding illness may in a few scenarios save cash however in other scenarios may add to the cost of healthcare. I also agree that ‘preventive measures’ which don’t save money might or might not correspond to ‘cost-effective’ because of many factors. As what Cohen investigated, it has been reported that the dispersal of ‘cost effectiveness ratios’ of ‘preventive treatments and measures’ are comparable, which means that efficient investment opportunities on programs in healthcare are approximately very similar for the treatment and prevention. Based on the study, it can be concluded that a number of ‘preventive measures’ can save money, whereas the others don’t, though they could also be sensible because they present ‘health benefits’ in relation to their cost; on the contrary, a number of ‘preventive measures’ are costly (Cohen et. al. , 2008). I agree with Cohen that, in general, whether a particular preventive measure represent a good value or poor value depends on factors such as the population targeted, with measures targeting higher risk populations typically the most efficient.

Understanding Rhetorical Structures as They Pertain to Audience

Understanding Rhetorical Structures as they pertain to audience, purpose, and context Understanding Rhetorical Structure Colton Kiefer EN1420 This paper is about the understanding of the Rhetorical Structures as they pertain to audience, purpose, and context and how they affect the argument of whether taxes should be raised on higher income brackets in order to fund social programs for at-risk and underserved, low income children. I will discuss the relationship between the audience, purpose, and context to the context of the argument. Understanding Rhetorical StructuresHow do audience, purpose, and context affect the argument of whether taxes should be raised on higher income brackets in order to fund social programs for at-risk and underserved, low income children. I will discuss the relationship between the audience, purpose, and context to the context of the argument. Discussion The goal of this discussion is to see the relationship between audience, purpose, and context of shoul d Taxes be raised for higher income brackets in order to fund social programs for at-risk, underserved, and low income children.The first audience for this group are wealth fortune 500 CEO’s. They are considered the in the higher income bracket in my opinion. They need to be educated on the understanding that even though most lower income families struggle, it is not because they are not trying. The economy has taken its toll on a lot of jobs here in the US over the past couple of years and even though they are working a full time job and sometimes two full time jobs, they cannot afford any kind of social program for their children.The present economy conditions are hurting the lower income families to the point that they struggle to make ends meet and can sometimes barley afford to put food on the table for their children. The higher income bracket would need to see just how little the additional taxes would take from them and what the benefits of those taxes could do for a low income family struggling to make ends meet. They still could possibly not be receptive to the idea, but giving them examples of the cost and benefits of such programs I think they would start to understand.The second audience for this group is the low income families of at-risk, and underserved, low income children. They need to be educated on the benefits that could come from the higher taxes. In my opinion, the higher income bracket can afford the higher taxes to fund some of these programs. The cost of living, food, gas, and housing all affect the income of many families in the US. If they understood what could come from the taxes, they could get some reissuance as to vote on such a bill if it came up to vote for the public.Education on the subject of the current tax laws would be a good example of what the different taxes brackets that are used today in the US. Lower income families would jump on the idea of being able to send their children to a soccer camp, or baseball cam p. According to an article on â€Å"Taxing the rich is good for the economy†, raising taxes on the higher income bracket would reduce the taxes on low and middle income families. This would also allow for those families to keep more of their income to use towards these programs. All in all I think it would be a beneficial idea to entertain.The context of the economy, food, and taxes all play an important role in this argument. The higher income bracket would be resistant to the idea until they were presented with facts on the cost and the minimal decrease in income for them. The lower income families would be blessed with some relief with their children’s social experience and the ability to provide more learning resources to them. References Taxing the rich is good for the economy Retrieved from http://www. marketplace. org/topics/economy/commentary/taxing-rich-good-economy By Robert Reich Marketplace for Wednesday, April 18, 2012 Marketplace. org

Unended War and Intervention in Iraq

Iraqi people might find already immuned of the uproar in different areas in Iraq. The tragedies that were happened more than two decades ago and are still happening nowadays are really marked the history of Middle Eastern conflict. Such bombings, bombarding, invasion, and protests are really taken the big part of the history of Iraq.It was during 1980 when the Iraq tried to invade the Iran, but of course, the Iran did not let it happen(Shalom, 1993). Though the Iraq made its initial success, the people of Iran used their man power as many population they have.At the middle of the 1982, the Iran was triumphant with their goal of pushing out the invasion of Iraq. But considering the fact that Iran has much weaponry, they were able to prevent the moves of the Iranian, and it was year 1988 when the silence screams of the gun and war men were off heard.However, though the war was ended (temporarily), the blame was on the both government of the two countries when in Saddam Hussein was the one who was ruling the Iraq. Letting the bloodshed among Iraqi citizens was considered as one of his callous in leading   his constituents.This was the time when the United States (US) started to intervene so as to help out the Iraq in settling the untapped war that had been started before and to help the people of Iraq to recover from the hell of war and from the ruthless government of Hussein.The US sent military troops in Iraq whereas they created several bases in different regions in Iraq. And nowadays, the US is continuing lurking around the Iraq. They are doing they ‘surge’ (Reuters, 2007) together with the British troupes. According to the report of the Philippine Daily Inquirer (2007), the rush forward being done in Iraq is nearly unsuccessful such that an insurgency is more likely to happen again.The critical condition of the mission of the US in the Iraq together with the British government pertained that war between the Hezbollah and Israel last August 2006 . The war between them was hardly to ceasefire. The criticism of the event is more likely on former Prime Minister Tony Blair since he was the one who refused for a call of an immediate stop fire between the Israel and Hezbollah (Lebanon) in their war last year.I have chosen this event to be use as application in theoretical analysis since this is widely known by everybody and that the lives of the people living in the countries involved are severely affected by the war that is happening.(Part B)The clash between Iran and Iraq seemed more likely though during the early 90s. However, since the Iraq was suffered under the Hussein’s regime, lots of militant groups and civil underground rebels emerged and rebellion took place.And it is in nature of the United State, being considered as the most powerful country in the world, to help, in any way, those who are in depth recovery of the war. But in the case of Iraq, the peace seemed not finding its place. Until now, clashes are stil l going on, but not necessarily war against another nation, but war among civil there.The surgency that the US has been doing and trying to imply in the Iraq, does it really pure surgency? As we all know, the US is one kind of imperialist in the world. Widely, it colonized a lot of country in Asia, explicitly and implicitly. Once one touched the hand of Uncle Sam, you would definitely touch it along the way.The reason why Iraq still has its internal conflict between civilians is not because they rebel with each other, it may probably because of the intervention of the US in their nation. Come to think of it: whose nation would like to handle by different hands instead the hands of its people?Politically speaking, this could be a way of euphemizing the real intention of the US. We could deny the fact that the US wanted to hold more power, and imperialism is the instrument and effective tool for them to accomplish their goal.

Comparison of Matilda Cook in Fever 1793 Essay

Mattie’s Life and Changes In Fever 1793, by Laurie Halse Anderson, sixteen year old Matilda (or Mattie) Cook changes dramatically over the course of the book. In the beginning, she is portrayed to be a young selfish girl who was always too lazy to work. By the end of the book, she is shown to be a strong young woman. Her family of three consisting of her grandfather, mother, and herself runs a small coffee shop. Her family usually works relentlessly before, during, and after the shop’s hours. Their kind slave, Eliza, works just as relentlessly around the kitchens. Mattie herself has the easy job as a waitress and usually works much less than her family and slave. Even so, she never puts her heart into her work. This demonstrates how foolish and selfish she is; but just in a few weeks her world will change epically for herself and everyone around her. The yellow fever hits Philadelphia with venom and mercilessly takes away numerous lives. Unfortunately, the disease finds its way to Lucille Cook, Mattie’s mother. Mattie is forced to run away with her grandfather in order to prevent herself and her grandfather from catching it. They try to find their way to a friend’s farm, but her grandfather catches the fever along the way. In desperation, Mattie picks berries and fetches water so that she and her weak grandfather can survive until help comes. In this chapter of her life, Mattie is slowly improving on her attitude and personality. She soon gets help for her grandfather from a hospital nearby. He starts feeling better, but then she herself catches the fever. Mattie is fed and cared for the same way as her grandfather. He soon recovers and takes care of Mattie. She in time gets better and decides with her grandfather that it is time to head home. When the travelling pair reaches Philadelphia, they find objects carelessly strewn across the paths. Houses are desolate and empty; bodies pile up in the graveyard. Their own coffee house is in ruins and Mattie’s mother is not to be found. Mattie and her grandfather try to strive as long as they can. During that time, Mattie hauls in water from the well, picks and chooses in their rotten garden, and uses what is not stolen in the kitchen  for the rest of their meals. They are doing alright for the first few nights, but a few nights later, a robbery occurs that takes Mattie’s grandfather’s life away. In grief, she allows the cart for the dead to take him to the graveyard and follows it to the graveyard. There she mourns for the dead who were taken by the fever, or less commonly from robberies that took Mattie’s grandfather away. In desperation, Mattie proceeds to find Eliza. Along the way, she comes across a young orphan named Nell and brings her along. Mattie soon finds herself living with Eliza, a pair of twins, Nell, and Joseph. She works in the day and late into the night feeding the needy; until the fever takes a toll on Nell and the twins. The house is too crowded for sick individuals, so Eliza and Mattie move the children along with themselves to the coffee shop for recovery. They care for the children as best to their abilities and hope that that the ill children will last until winter when the frost could chase the fever away. Fever 1793 is a wonderful book about a young foolish girl turning into a mature and hardworking young lady. Through the course of this book, Mattie demonstrates how she can change from a selfish immature girl into a selfless, hardworking, and mature lady.

Capitol Budgeting Long Term Financing Assignment

Capitol Budgeting Long Term Financing - Assignment Example Capital assets receive attention because they commit a firm for long term. These capital assets are commitment of over a year and sometimes for decades for instance, real estate. Economically, the resources being scarce and competitive in nature, there would be wrong allocation of such resources at the wrong time or on a non rewording asset. Assets acquisition analysis According to (Baker, & Powell, 2005) any company will invest finance for the sake of gaining a return which is useful for four focal reasons: 1. To recompense the shareholders or owners of the enterprise for staking their money and by sacrificing their current purchasing power for the sake of current and future cash flow 2. To reward lenders by paying them regular return on their money borrowed in the form of interest and principal repayment as and when it falls due. 3. To be able to plough back retain part of their earnings for the purpose which facilitates not only the companies’ short term growth and long ter m growth but also has the implication of increasing the size of the company in terms of sales, in assets as well as shareholders wealth. 4. To increase the share prices and thus the credibility and goodwill of the company and its capability to raise further finance. Such return is necessary to keep the company’s operations moving straightforwardly and efficiently thus allowing the above objective to be accomplished. A financial manager and decision makers must present investment policies which will be concerned with how efficiently the company’s funds are invested because it is from such investment that the company will survive. The investments are important because: They influence company’s size, Influence growth Influence company’s risks In addition, to this investment decision making process which is also known as capital budgeting, involves the decision to invest the company’s current funds in viable ventures whose returns will be realized for long term periods in future. Capital budgeting as financial planning is characterized by the following: a. Decisions of this nature are long term i.e. extending beyond one year in which case they are also expected to generate returns of long term in nature. b. Investment is usually heavy (heavy capital injection) and as such has to be properly planned. c. These decisions are irreversible and any mistake may cause the company heavy losses. Importance of Investment Decisions 1) Such decisions are importance because they will influence the company’s size (fixed assets, sales, and retained earnings). 2) They increase the value of the company’s shares and thus its credibility. 3) The fact that they are irreversible means that they have to be made carefully to avoid any mistake which can lead to the failure of such investment. 4) Due to heavy capital outlay, more attention is required to avoid loss of huge sums of money which in the extreme may lead to the closure of such a company. However, these decisions are influenced by: I. Political factors – Under conditions of political uncertainty, such decisions cannot be made as it will entail an element of risk of failure of such investment. Thus political certainty has to be analyzed before such decisions are made, such factors must be taken into account such that the company forecasts the inflows and outflows within given. Limitations such as the