James Madison Biography - 1028 Words

Like his close friend Thomas Jefferson, James Madison came from a prosperous family of Virginia planters, received an excellent education, and studied law Ââ€"though only informallyÂâ€" and quickly found himself drawn into the debates over independence. In 1776, he became a delegate to the revolutionary Virginia Convention, where he worked closely with Thomas Jefferson to push through religious freedom statutes, among other liberal measures. The youngest member of the Continental Congress, Madison was of smaller than average height for a Virginian of the period; reports have him standing either five feet four or five feet six inches tall. His soft-spoken, shy demeanor was a foil for his brilliant persistence in advocating his political†¦show more content†¦The War of 1812 amounted to a second war of independence for the new Republic and helped to unify the Presidents party. Much of the War of 1812 centered on bloody battles against the Native American tribes, who were aided by the British. In 1814, the British took the nations new capital, torching the White House and other federal buildings. They were finally defeated at the epic Battle of New Orleans by General Andrew Jacksons ragtag army, many of whom were volunteers, including free blacks and slaves and nearly 1,000 French pirates. Although Madison escaped capture, the victories against Tecumseh and at New Orleans revitalized the nation and earned him the esteem of his constituents. Madisons critics, who organized the Hartford Convention to protest his policies, looked like traitors to the victorious nation, and their anti-war criticism further weakened the Federalist Party. Everyone was shocked when the shy and reticent James Madison announced his marriage to the vivacious Dolley Payne Todd, who became one of the most popular and vibrant first ladies ever to grace the White House. Dolley Madison was already familiar with her role in Washington since she had occasionally played t he role of hostess during the Jefferson administration. A beautiful woman who liked to party and to show off her impressive figure, Dolley Madison quickly earned a reputation among conservatives and political enemies, who criticized herShow MoreRelatedBiography of James Madison: The Father of the Constitution Essay991 Words   |  4 Pages James Madison,widely known as the â€Å"Father of the Constitution† was born on March 16,1751 in Port Conway,Virginia. He was born into a wealthy family. His father,James Madison Sir.,gained wealth from inheritance and his mother’s, Kelly Conway, side of the family were also rich as her father made a living by being a tobacco merchant. A surprising fact that,despite coming from a such preposterous family, James was rather ill as a child. Madison was a victim to psychosomatic and as well as stress-inducedRead MoreThe Life Of James Madison Essay1418 Words   |  6 Pages The Life of James Madison Madison Williams Central High School November 9, 2015 3rd Period  Abstract In my paper I will state and explain the least known aspects of James Madison. James Madison contributed to some of the most simple and complex events that have not been recognized. For his job well done, I am willing to make those aspects known. The Life of James Madison James Madison, also known as â€Å"The Father on the Constitution†, contributed to quite a few intellectual eventsRead MoreA Perfect Union By Catherine Allgor Essay1488 Words   |  6 PagesUnion by Catherine Allgor describes the life of Dolley Madison starting with her first marriage to John Todd whom she only married because her bed-ridden father told her to. 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Not only did Madison aid to formulate the Constitution but he also made the frame for the Bill of Rights andRead MoreThomas Paine s Common Sense, Boston King s Memoir, And James Madison s Federalist Number 101584 Words   |  7 Pagessignificant documents we have access to read how our nation shifted into what it is today first hand. There are numerous documents available for anyone to study and become more acquainted with our past. Thomas Paine’s Common Sense, Boston King’s Memoir, and James Madison’s Federalist Number 10 are all important documents that helped shape America. In January 1776 Thomas Paine published the pamphlet, Common Sense. Paine’s Common Sense was written in order to argue for American independence. Paine listed manyRead MoreGeorge Washington, John Adams, And Thomas Jefferson1322 Words   |  6 Pagesstands five feet four inches tall, is James Madison. With all due respect, James Madison has accomplishments that stand just as well against the test of time. James Madison to me is one of the most important Founding Fathers. Please allow me to explain why I chose Mr. James Madison, the background and upbringing of him, some of his most notable contributions to the Unites States and why those contributions are still important today. The reason I chose James Madison over the rest of the Founding FathersRead MoreThe Role Of The First Lady From Nothing Essay1617 Words   |  7 PagesArielle Cohen Mr. Clark US History I 28 September 2015 Martha Washington, Abigail Adams, and Dolley Madison invented and created the role of the first lady from nothing. They were able to put content into a role that did not even exist beforehand. when there was no one that came before to teach them. Known as the first three first ladies, Martha Washington, Abigail Adams, and Dolley Madison defined the role of the first lady to society before anyone else had the chance to. By handled hostess dutiesRead MoreThe Founding Fathers : Virginia1589 Words   |  7 PagesIn March of 1751, James Madison was born in Port Conway, Virginia to Nellie and James Madison. Once he reached eighteen, Madison attended the College of New Jersey, more commonly known today as Princeton (â€Å"James Madison’s Biography†). During this time period, it was strange for a man to go beyond the colony for his education (â€Å"The Founding Fathers: Virginia†). However, Madison went against the social norm, which ultimately gave him an advantage by broadening his understandings of all the differentRead MoreEssay on One Classic Case1520 Words   |  7 Pagesonly objective is to pursue national security. As we reflect on history, James Madison stands out as the antithesis of the attributes of a leader. In the early 19th century, President Washington had proposed a foreign policy of isolationism, abstaining from relations with other countries; in a state of crisis two subsequent President’s—Adams and Jefferson—had wisely pursued his principles. On the contrary, President James Madison (1809-1817) had irrationally shifted the American Foreign Policy fromRead MoreA Birth Of A Legend1663 Words   |  7 PagesIt was a birth of a legend; it did not start with â€Å"once up one a time† because the story was not a fiction, but the man himself was like a fictional hero. Father of a nation. James Madison born in Port Conway Virginia, from James Madison and Eleanor Rose Conway in 1751. He was youngest of twelv e kids, and only seven of them could made through adulthood. His father was a tobacco planter having more than 4,000-acre land and many slaves. Life was not generous and compassionate when it came to his health

Informative Speech Outline Global Warming Essay - 848 Words

Title: Global Warming Specific Purpose: To inform the audience about three issues of how global warming is affecting our weather, animals, and our future. Thesis: According to National Geographic Average temperatures have climbed 1.4 degrees Fahrenheit around the world since 1880 and by 2050, rising temperatures could send more than a million of Earths land-dwelling plants and animals down the road to extinction. Introduction I. Open with Impact: Is the climate warming? The impacts of global warming will be felt across the globe. A. The effect of global warming driving animals into extinction B. A rise in the amount of extreme weather disasters C. The change it will cause to the earth in the future II.†¦show more content†¦4. In July of 2006 heat waves contributed to the deaths of at least 225 people in North America. 5. Warmer temperatures could increase the probability of drought 6. Warmer temperatures increase the energy of the climatic system and can lead to heavier rainfall in some areas. Signpost and transition: Now that you know what effects Global Warming is having on our weather I will be telling you about how it will affect our animals. II. Main Point: The reason for animal extinction is because our animals can’t adapt to rising climate changes. A. These are some of the facts (nrdc.org, 2008) 1. The predicted range of climate change by 2050 will place 15 to 35 percent of the 1,103 species studied at risk of extinction. 2. Increasing global temperatures are expected to disrupt ecosystems, pushing to extinction those species that cannot adapt. 3. Some polar bears are drowning because they have to swim longer distances to reach ice floes. B. Global Warming will drive our animals into extinction Signpost and transition: The final aspect of Global Warming that I will be talking about is the effect it will have on our future. III. Main Point: Our future is in for a drastic change from what we call normal today. A. Rising sea levels could flood many South Seas islands and swamp large parts of Southeast Asia. B. Researchers predict the earth’s temperature may rise toShow MoreRelatedInformative Speech on the Surf Rider Foundation Essay example896 Words   |  4 Pagesinformative speech by kayla venable, mcneese state university Introduction: 1. Attention Getter: With the economy the way it is now and all that’s happening with the oil spill each and every one of us needs to put effort into saving the environment and our wildlife. The blame for global warming, landfills, and pollution rests in our hands. 2. Listener RelevanceRead MoreCsr Communication in the Pharma Industry35538 Words   |  143 Pagesstakeholder groups (e.g. surveys, conferences, intranet, etc.). Websites are one more of the many channels pharmaceuticals use when establishing a CSR communication strategy. 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Admission letter to a dental hygiene school free essay sample

I would like to apply for dental hygiene program at the San Joaquin Valley College. I grew up knowing how important teeth are to a person. As far as I can remember, my mother has always instilled in me the value of having a healthy set of teeth, thus I feel this personal conviction to help others preserve their pearly set. I admit that I did very poorly in my previous academic endeavor, but circumstances back then were not favorable to me.   I once got a D in Chemistry because I had to skip two tests in the class to go back to my home country because my father died. I retook the class and was vindicated when I got a B for it. Moreover, I also got W on some courses but this was brought by the fact that when I took them, I was not yet familiar with the ways of American colleges. We will write a custom essay sample on Admission letter to a dental hygiene school or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It has been five years now since I came and more or less, I am now familiar with the system. I know this will help me a lot go through dental hygiene school more smoothly. A lot of people are probably wondering why I want to go to a dental hygiene school.   It is because this is where I felt I will excel.   My interest in dental hygiene will help me sail through difficult academic situations with more vigor and enthusiasm. This has become my one big passion in life.   Clichà © may this sound; I really am ready to face the odds, no matter what, in my pursuit of this dream. For me, wanting to be in a dental hygiene school is a big dream I know that many dental schools will find it very difficult to take me in, considering the very poor academic records I have, but I really am appealing for another chance to pursue something I dearly love. As I said earlier, I have already learned my lessons from my past mistakes.   I do hope these mistakes will not hound me forever. On the professional side, I know that this field offers many rewarding career options. It combines science and technology in helping people enhance and maintain their oral health. In fact, it has been said that this field will be on the cutting edge of advanced technology; thus making its practice even more thought-provoking and gratifying. This is one challenge I want to take, if this school will allow me. Consequently, according to the U.S. Census Bureau, the demand for dental care is projected to grow in the coming years. As baby boomers age, they will continue to need preventive services and many of them will require maintenance on existing dental work. Moreover, a large numbers of dentists are expected to retire in the next 20 years, creating a huge vacuum that needs to be filled up by new dental professionals (ada.org). Recently it has been reported that dental workers are often the first health care providers to recognize and identify a number of illnesses, which includes cancer and cardiovascular problems, among others. Medical research also suggests an increasing number of links between oral diseases and other health concerns.   In effect, dental workers’ role in the over-all health of an individual has been increasing. Ultimately, I think that the most important role I want to play in the future is to help educate people about the importance of oral health. I have always believed that prevention is better than cure.   In the end, I am appealing that I be given the chance to be accepted in the dental hygiene program of the San Joaquin Valley College. I also know that being in a dental hygiene program is not a walk in the park.   This is why I have long been preparing myself for the challenges that may come my way, in case I’ll be accepted.   In other words, I have come fully prepared so as not to humiliate and disappoint the people who may want to give me a chance here.

It Does Matter Mkay! Essay Example Essay Example

It Does Matter Mkay! Essay Example Paper It Does Matter Mkay! Essay Introduction Does IT matter? An essay presented to the Department of Information Systems University of Cape Town By ( Due: March 200x In partial fulfillment of the requirements for Full-Time Information Systems Honours (INF414W) 200x Declaration 1. I know that plagiarism is wrong. Plagiarism is to use another’s work and pretend that it is one’s own. 2. I have used the Harvard Convention for citation and referencing. Each contribution to, and quotation in, this ESSAY: DOES IT MATTER from the works of other people has been attributed, and has been cited and referenced. . This ESSAY: DOES IT MATTER is my own work. 4. I have not allowed, and will not allow, anyone to copy my work with the intention of passing it off as his or her own work Signature Date /. /. Full name of student: INTRODUCTION In a controversial article, IT Doesn’t Matter, by Nicholas Carr (2003) the conclusion was reached that Information Technology (IT) is at a point where it has become a necessity for busine ss and no longer offers any strategic advantages. This document will take a closer look at Carr’s reasoning behind for his argument that IT does not matter and analyse the validity thereof. IT Does NOT Matter Nicholas Carr, editor of the Harvard Business Review, wrote a controversial article entitled â€Å"IT Doesn’t Matter†, which sparked off heated debate. A general uproar from the IT industry arguing the contra – resulted in a proliferation of articles attempting to back a claim that IT does in fact matter a great deal. For the purposes of this document it is necessary to have a clear understanding as to Carr’s argument and his reasoning. The following is a brief summary and clarification of Carr’s argument, â€Å"IT Doesn’t Matter†: The main argument which Carr (2003) makes is that IT has become so ubiquitous, universally used, that it’s use no longer offers any strategic advantages in business, being no more than a commodity, similar to electricity or the internal combustion engine. Therefore, IT Does Not Matter, as everybody has access to the same IT resources. It Does Matter Mkay! Essay Body Paragraphs During the growth phase of IT, many companies rushed to computerise their business functions. This was done at the cost of large capital investments, but was deemed to be a strategic necessity for survival. IT posed a strategic resource which could be exploited for huge financial gains, if used or used better than competing organisations. IT’s focus have changed in recent years from the mad rush and spending of millions to develop new innovative proprietary systems to the current struggle by IT managers to use standardised technology infrastructure more ffectively (Wahl, 2004). Carr (2003) argues that IT has since become the backbone of commerce, being firmly incorporated into all the various facets of most organisations, ranging from the supply chain to business-customer interaction. With the dramatic fall in the cost of IT, destroying the cost barrier to entry, IT as a resource, including all core functions (data storage, processing and transport), have become available to m ost companies (Carr, 2003). As more companies incorporate IT into their businesses, IT has become strategically invisible (Carr, 2003). Carr (2003) further argues that the only way IT can form a basis for a strategic advantage is through the use of protected rights, i. e. proprietary technologies, which cannot be exploited by competing organisation, thus ensuring a long-term strategic advantage. Proprietary technology does offer a level of strategic advantages, but become more advantages to society when it becomes infrastructural and ubiquitous (unknown, 2004). This is clearly evident when applied to Carr’s (2003) example; when only one or two factories used electricity, they had a huge strategic advantage, but once electricity became infrastructural the overall economy of the various countries suddenly boomed. IT, however, has become Infrastructural technology, incorporating best business practices and making proprietary technologies obsolete, thus losing its potential to st rategically differentiate a company from its competitors (Carr, 2003). Once a technology becomes infrastructural the emphasis changes from strategic advantage to the management of risk (unknown, 2004). Carr’s (2003) motivation behind IT being an Infrastructural technology follows that IT is in essence a transport medium no different to railway transport, IT is far more valuable when shared openly and standardised, IT is easily replicated and it is far more cost effective to simply buy software (which includes support and best business practices) than writing custom software. In reality IT is very different from electricity or the internal combustion engine, in that there is always the potential for developers to come up with new innovations (unknown, 2004). The problem arises from the fact that any new IT technologies are easily replicated; eroding any strategic advantages (Carr, 2003). Many companies are now turning to generic off-the-shelf IT solutions as custom system have proven to be to expensive with few strategic advantages (unknown, 2004). Carr (2003) concludes his argument by making three recommendations to CIO’s: firstly to spend less on IT, secondly to follow proven technologies, not leading the development, and lastly to focus on the vulnerabilities of IT, not opportunities. IT Matters Key to Carr’s (2003) arguments is his statement that a ubiquitous resource cannot be strategic, Carr argues that what makes a resource, like IT, strategic it its scarcity. This is true, but only up to a point. A resource can be universally ubiquitous, freely and equally available to all corporations – in essence an infrastructural commodity, but for a select company or group of companies that resource can also be strategic even though there is no scarcity. This is because there is in fact very little correlation between the scarcity of a resource and its strategic advantages, what makes a resource strategic is how a company use/apply/manag e that resource (Schrage, 2003). Carr (2003) separates the resource from the company and how it is managed, this is pointless, as that which makes any resource strategic, may it be; electricity, the internal combustion engine or capital, is how that resource is used and managed (Schrage, 2003). This is a crucial factor which many companies forgot during the IT boom; many companies spent millions on state of the art technology, but lacked the skills to manage and used the technology effectively. This resulted in very low Returns on Investments (ROI) and the inevitable demise of many companies. This is the basis for Carr’s (2003) recommendation that less should be spent on IT, but the converse is also true. Many companies lost even more money, some even having to close, due the fact that they did not computerise their business functions and as a result could not compete with those who did (Schrage, 2003). If you take Carr (2003) seriously, you have to accept his claim that all companies have equal access to IT, which is far from true, but then the management of the resource becomes even more important (Schrage, 2003). IT has several attributes which can lead to competitive advantages, these include; access to capital, proprietary technology, technical IT skills and IT management skills (Mata et al, 1995). Differentiating a company from its competitors by the use of IT management skills is the one of the best methods which can lead to a sustainable competitive advantage. This is because of the fact that IT management skills are build up over time, socially complex and cannot be written down or transferred without the loss of richness or understanding, thus not easily replicated by competing firms (Capon Glazer, 1987). Good IT Management skills enable company to effectively manage the risks related to the use of and investment in IT (Capon Glazer, 1987). Another prominent method of gaining a strategic advantage in a ubiquitous IT environment involves the mitigating of the risks involved with the use of IT. By simply being able to keep all IT within a company running flawlessly 24/7, that company would strategically be miles ahead of any competition. As of date this have not been achieved by any international company, currently companies aim for a IT uptime of 99. 99%. Carr (2003) is well set in his opinion that all IT is easily replicated, which results in the erosion of strategic advantages, this is however false (Champy, 2003). Not all IT is easily replicated, take for example Dell’s business model (build-to-order, and interact directly with customers) which is almost entirely based on IT (Champy, 2003). Now, according the Carr, this business model should be easily replicated, but this is not the case. IBM and Hewlett-Packard are two of the big players who have attempted to copy Dell’s business model, but failed due to the fact that other issues such as fixed and dedicated resources, corporate structures and culture which forms part of the model cannot be easily be copied (Champy, 2003). IT is one of the dominate factors leading to new innovations and is constantly affecting and changing the competition strategies of businesses world-wide (Champy, 2003). Carr ignores the real-world; IT is far from reaching a state of ubiquity and continues to open new opportunities to compete with the internet revolutionising business processes (Champy, 2003). CONCLUSION Does IT matter or not? In a world where IT was perfectly ubiquitous Carr (2003) would be justified in his argument that IT does not matter. However, Carr’s argument is incomplete. Carr (2003) neglects to look at how the various companies manage and use their IT resources. In a world where IT was perfectly ubiquitous, IT would not matter, the management of that IT resource would however matter a great deal to determine its strategic advantages. It should also be noted that the development of IT and the creation of new IT have not reached its end and will not do so in any short period of time. IT, in its nature, allows for continual development as each new development opens new avenues of Research and Development. Each new development generally takes the form of proprietary technology, for a short while at least, allowing for strategic advantages. Carr’s (2003) belief that these new proprietary developments cannot sustain a strategic advantage for any company is true, but again it should be noted that the IT industry is in a constant state of change. It is the companies, like Microsoft, Hewlett Packard and Sun Microsystems with their ability to constantly make progress in the development of IT, which have the strategic advantage. The general sentiment amongst IT professionals is that IT matters a great deal. This statement is liable to a great deal of bias as to state otherwise s equal to asking IT professionals to concede that they, their jobs and livelihood, do not matter. In fact, however, the IT profession al are correct in stating that IT matters, this due to the fact that IT is not perfectly ubiquitous, as Carr (2003) would like to believe. All companies do not have the same capital resources, thus do not have access to the same proprietary technology other companies have. On the other hand, some companies, with the use of open source software, have a strategic advantage in their respective industry. Thus to state that IT is ubiquitous, world-wide, is incorrect. Probably the most damning part of Carr’s (2003) argument involves his belief that IT does not matter – due to the fact that IT is apparently universally ubiquitous. If IT was universally ubiquitous, it would matter a great deal for that exact reason. A firm being innovative, while the rest of its competition is simply following generic business processes, is in an excellent position to capturer a huge market share. Therefore, IT MATTERS a great deal, irrespective of ubiquity. We will write a custom essay sample on It Does Matter Mkay! Essay Example specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on It Does Matter Mkay! Essay Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on It Does Matter Mkay! Essay Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer

Concepts of the Baroque Era

Pearl essays

Pearl essays Neil Henrys Pearls Secret is a fascinating autobiographical journey of an African American mans search for his racial identity. Henry is a light-skinned African American man who tries to piece together a few scraps passed down in his family and many years of family stories to figure out what lies behind his dual-race history. He has been plagued throughout his entire life by confusion over his skin color and how it allows him to fit into society. The birth of his daughter finally triggers him to begin his journey, because he does not want her to suffer the same confusing fate. The search concludes in a lunch with his white family, filled with emotion, confusion and curiosity on both sides. Henrys great-great grandmother Laura Brumley had an extensive (believed consensual through family lore) affair with a wealthy white landowner, Arthur Beaumont, in post Civil War Louisiana. That relationship bore one quadroon daughter, Pearl, for whom the book is named. Beaumont later married a white woman and had a white family and turned his back on his black family for many years. After generations of family stories about a white patriarch, Henry decides to find this other family, this white family. Henry was born while his family lived in Tennessee, where his father was an up and coming surgeon, one of the few black surgeons in America at the time. While the Henry family appreciated their roots in the South, they begin to realize that they had to move on. They began their search for a new home and were looking specifically for a place that would allow John to be a surgeon. They are finally triggered to move by the rape of Neils mother Mary, while John is performing an emergency surgery. This tragedy was not revealed to Neil until he was an adult. The family finally ends up moving to Seattle in 1956. After living in the predominantly black section of Seattle for four years Ne...

Eastern Religion thought Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Eastern Religion thought - Assignment Example The creation of movements brought together charismatic leaders as well as supernatural techniques with a sense of approaching new age (Catherine Albanese 230). Religions of the Nearer, Middle, and Further East show the increase of religions to quite a large number and thus the expansion of the religious culture. At the same time, these religions point to the counter-energy that leads people, within the religions, to merge their worlds and contract. Religious combination is the critical issue realized from the tendencies, expansion and contraction. A union of an atheistic person with a theosophical individual and others from the catholic religion or the Protestants expressed an expansive Universalist creed and an ethical code. Additionally, the contemporary new age has contributed to the culture of expansion through the new technology whereby channels like radio and televisions help to spread spiritualism (Catherine Albanese 232). Ritual work in the new age stresses the material world by stimulating the forces of mind and imagination so as to have control over matter. The Christian rights movement created from the combination of religions i s an evidence of the religious culture of contraction. It has a strong tradition of religious privatism whose concern was to mobilize a segment of the population who were never concerned with the public life. The movement developed a sense of togetherness and support for a world looking inward and not outward (Catherine Albanese

Based on Epistomological research- Are law enforcement cameras an Research Paper

Based on Epistomological - Are law enforcement cameras an invasion of privacy - Research Paper Example This paper aims to show that the use of law enforcement cameras is an invasion of privacy, a fact that should be taken into consideration by legislators and policy makers internationally. Academic literature published on this issue is used for supporting the above argument. At the same time, reports published by organizations in common law countries, i.e. UK, USA and Canada, are presented so that any conclusion is fully justified. The legal implications of law enforcement cameras have been extensively explored in the academic literature. A series of studies have been chosen for supporting this paper’s thesis that the use of law enforcement cameras should be considered as an invasion of privacy. Froomkin (2000) explains that ‘Closed Circuit Television (CCTV) cameras and video recorders are broadly used for monitoring public spaces’ (Froomkin 1577). Reference is made to these cameras’ expansion in UK as a result of the country’s need to secure the safe ty of its citizen by IRA’s terrorist attacks (Froomkin 1577). ... regard to the existing privacy laws; b) the First Amendment that refers to ‘the freedom of association’ (Froomkin 1506) can be used for setting borders to the expansion of these cameras in public spaces. Referring specifically to the English law of privacy, Lord Walker (2010) notes that ‘the tort of invasion of privacy in UK is rather recent’ (Walker 1); in fact, the initial reference to the violation of privacy, as a tort, in the English courts can be identified in the case ‘Douglas v Hello in 2000’ (Walker 2). The above decision reflects the alignment of the British legislation, especially of the Human Rights Act of 1998, with the ‘European Convention on Human Rights’ (Walker 2), where the right of each individual ‘to respect for his private and family life’ (article 8) is clearly set. At the next level, the Human Rights Act of 1998 notes that it is not allowed to public authorities to proceed to initiatives that viol ate the right of individuals to privacy, as this right is secured by the European Convention (Walker 2). It is made clear though that the terms of the Convention for privacy may be violated if it is not possible for public authorities to act in a different way (Walker 2). According to the above, the use of law enforcement cameras can be characterized as a violation to the Convention’s orders because of the following: the public authorities may use different tools for controlling public spaces; the use of security guards could be a potential alternative for protecting public spaces without violating the right to privacy. Taylor (2002) also claims that the use of CCTV cameras can be considered as opposed to the article 8 of the European Convention; it is suggested that the use of these cameras is appropriately regulated so that the

Financial Management - WHSmith PLC Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Financial Management - WHSmith PLC - Essay Example However, WHSmith Retail sales fell by 1% to 1,453m from last year's 1,463m, driven mainly by a 2% loss in its High Street Retail business. This loss in high street retail was only mildly offset by the excellent performance in travel retail characterized by an 11% increase in profits to 21m from 19m in the previous year, and a 3% increase in sales. Reasons for the overall profit loss of the group were attributed to a significant decrease in sales due to unsuccessful marketing and promotions and the continued sale of products with decreasing demand; and an unsuccessful investment in technology, which contributed to the company's increased costs. Another aspect of the retail business is WHSmith Online. Launched in 2000, the retail website, www.whsmith.co.uk, has not been utilized by the company to its potential and is not integrated with the rest of the retail business. It experienced a loss of 2m in profit, similar to the previous year and sales of 7m. In order to turn the company around and increase retail sales, the company will focus on developing a multi-channel retail strategy, taking advantage of WHSmith Online's full potential to increase online sales, as well as sales in high street and travel stores. Shank and Govindarajan (1991) defines strategic cost management as "the process through which a sophisticated understanding of an organization's cost structure is developed and used in the search for sustainable competitive advantage." They argue that blending the three themes of value chain analysis, cost driver analysis, and competitive advantage analysis represents the most powerful way to determine which strategic direction will be most beneficial for an organization (Shank and Govindarajan, 1992). By applying Shank and Govindarajan's framework, one can understand why implementing a multi-channel strategy will benefit WHSmith's retail business in the long run. WHSmith Value Chain Analysis A value chain is "linked set of value-creating activities" (Shank and Govindarajan, 1992). Based on WHSmith's value chain, one can see that a multi-channel retail strategy is most profitable for the company. First, by analyzing WHSmith's internal value chain, one can infer that WHSmith Online has developed as a separated business division that is not integrated into the WHSmith Retail since its launch in 2000. WHSmith Online does not support any of the value chain activities of the group and its potential was not fully explored. Thus, it remains to be a traditional retail business. In the purchasing stage, products are purchased from its distributors based on the demand forecasted by the company. These products are then shipped to warehouses, which deliver them to the respective high street retail stores in the distribution and merchandising stages. High street retail stores then arrange these products, utilizing the available spaces and conduct marketing activities as directed by the central office in the store operations and marketing stages. At this stage, the point of sale is situated at cash registers in each store and mails received by the company from its loyal customers. Figure 2. WHSmith Internal Value Chain Analysis Based on the existing internal value chain and the performance during the previous year, the following improvements need to be employed (WHSmith, 2004): Purchasing: Discontinue purchase

The Gas Exchange And Transport

The Gas Exchange And Transport The changes in pulmonary ventilation and blood flow are actually regulated by the central nervous system through the respiratory and cardiovascular areas located in the brain. According to Sir Joseph Barcroft in 1934, exercise actually forces both cardiovascular and respiratory system to perform at a higher level of function. [1] This helps us to understand better how both respiratory and cardiovascular systems interact with each other to perform well. Gas Exchange and Transport Gaseous exchange occurs in the alveoli of the human lungs. Air in the alveolus has a higher partial pressure of oxygen compared to the blood in the pulmonary artery. Therefore, oxygen diffuses into the blood at capillary by dissolving in the moisture on the alveolar surface. On the other hand, air in the alveolus has a lower partial pressure of carbon dioxide compared to the blood in capillaries. Hence, the carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood capillary to alveolus to be exhaled out. [2] There are several factors which affect the gaseous exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen between the blood capillaries and alveoli in the lungs. These factors are the surface area available for diffusion, the length of the diffusion pathway, and the hemoglobin concentration in the blood. At rest, not all the capillaries that surround the alveoli are open. During exercise, more alveoli and capillaries are opened which increase the surface area to allow a faster diffusion to occur. [1] During exercise, there is also movement of fluid from blood into the surrounding cells and tissues. This is termed hemoconcentration. This will increase the concentration of hemoglobin in blood by 5% to 10%. [1] The increase in body temperature that causes the person to sweat will reduce plasma volume. This will produce hemoconcentration as well. This is the reason why during exercise, gas transport per unit volume of blood flow increases. [1] Oxygen Dissociation Curve Respiratory system is responsible for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between our body and the environment. When inspiratory muscles contract, air rushes into the lungs due to the higher pressure of external environment. Air is forced out from the lungs to the environment during expiration when the pressure inside thoracic cavity becomes higher. [2] During exercises, active tissues such as skeletal muscles need more oxygen to generate ATP. [3] Therefore, they produce more carbon dioxide and the body temperature increase. This carbon dioxide will react with water in the tissue to form carbonic acid which increases acidity. Increase in the acidity of blood will reduce the affinity of hemoglobin to oxygen. As the result, more oxygen is released to these active tissues. [2] For example, during moderate exercises, skeletal muscles need more oxygen and they produce more carbon dioxide due to the work out. So, the pH is decreased causing the affinity of hemoglobin to oxygen reduce. Hemoglobin with a lower affinity to oxygen has oxygen dissociation curve which is further to the right. Body temperature which increases during exercise will cause the shifting of oxygen dissociation curve to the right as well. [5] According to Merle L. Foss and Steven J. Keteyian in their book, Physiological Basis for Exercise and Sport, the respiratory system change the rate and depth of ventilation to help regulate the hydrogen ion concentration of our body fluid. When body fluid pH decreases, for example, during exercises, ventilation increases to blow off carbon dioxide. When at rest, ventilation decreases to retain carbon dioxide in body fluid. [1] Ventilation changes during exercise Involuntary control of breathing is carried out by the breathing center in the medulla oblongata. [2] This breathing center consists of an inspiratory center and expiratory center. The partial pressure of carbon dioxide which also affects the pH of blood is the most important factor controlling the rate and depth of breathing. The chemoreceptors detect the changes in partial pressure of carbon dioxide of blood and cerebral spinal fluid. These chemoreceptors are the carotid bodies, the aortic bodies, and the medulla [1] that near the breathing center. During moderate exercises, there is a rapid increase in the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the blood. This is due to the accumulation of lactic acid in muscles. The increase in the partial pressure of carbon dioxide stimulates the chemoreceptors to transmit impulses to the inspiratory center. Inspiratory center transmits impulses to diaphragm muscles and intercostal muscle for rate and depth breathing. [3] At the first few second after start the exercise, there is a rapid increase in the ventilation. This is due to the increase in the central command from cortex. The increase in the neural stimuli to medulla because of the activation of muscle or joint receptors may cause the hyperventilation as well. After that, the rapid ventilation start to achieve at steady state or it shows a slower rise. This is because chemoreceptors start to react to increase in the partial pressure of carbon dioxide and decrease in the pH of blood or cerebral spinal fluid. The ventilation continues to increase until the exercise is stop. [1] During normal breathing, a human adult inhales and exhales about 450cm ³ of air. This is known as tidal volume. During vigorous activity, tidal volume can increase up to 2000cm ³. [2] Oxygen uptake increases linearly as the work rate is increasing. However, above a certain work rate the oxygen uptake reaches a plateau. Thats mean there is a limiting factor to oxygen up take. [3] Structure of Human Heart Human heart consists of 4 chambers, left atrium, right atrium, left ventricle and right ventricle. Both the left and right ventricles have thicker muscular wall compare to left and right atria wall because ventricles need to contract strongly to pump blood out of the heart. Whereas, the wall of left ventricle is 3 to 4 times thicker to right ventricle because left ventricle need to pump blood to all parts of our body except lungs while right ventricle pump blood to lungs only. The intraventricular septum separate left and right side of the heart completely. Left atrium receives oxygenated blood from lungs via pulmonary vein while right atrium received deoxygenated blood from the body through vena cava. [7] [6] Control of Heart Beat Heartbeat is myogenic. This is because beating of the heart is started by cardiac muscles and not by external stimulation. Sino atrial node (SAN) which is also known as the pacemaker for the heart is responsible to originate excitation for starting the heartbeat. SAN have a high permeability to sodium ions. So, SAN cells are depolarized as sodium ions diffuse into these cells continuously. The depolarization will generate electrical impulse that transmitted out from SAN cells to produce contraction of heart. Atrial systole occurs when the wave of excitation is conducted from SAN to walls of both atria. The impulses that generate by SAN is then activates atrioventricular node (AVN). AVN then transmits the impulses to apex of the ventricles via bundle of his. From the apex, impulses are transmitted to ventricular muscles through purkinje fibers. This transmission causes ventricles to contract and hence pump blood into pulmonary artery and aorta. [2] SAN can be accelerated or slowed down by the autonomic nerve system, endocrine system and some other factors. The amount of blood return to heart actually can induce the increase in the stroke volume and cardiac output of the heart. During exercise, the working skeletal muscles contract strongly and quickly. As a result, a large amount of blood is return to the heart via vena cava. There is stretch receptors (baroreceptors) located within the wall of the vena cava. When large amount of blood return to the heart, the vena cava dilates and this stretches its wall, stimulated the stretch receptors there. The stretch receptors then generate impulses at high frequency to transmit to cardiac accelerator center in the medulla oblongata. The stimulated accelerator center then transmits impulses via the sympathetic nerves to induce a faster and stronger heartbeat. [1] According to Starling Law, the strength of the heartbeat is related to how much the cardiac muscles are stretched. Therefore, the more the volume of blood returned to the heart, the stronger the ventricle contracts. [4] Stroke volume increases due to the strong ventricular contraction, thus there is high blood pressure in carotid artery and aorta. Stretch receptors are stimulated and transmit impulses to cardiac inhibitory center to slow down heartbeat. This is to prevent the heart from beating too fast. [2] Distribution of Blood Flow At rest, majority of the cardiac output is distributed to the visceral organ, the heart and the brain. Only 20% of the total systemic flow is distributed to the muscles. [1] However, during exercise, more active skeletal muscles received a higher proportion of the cardiac output due to the redistribution of the blood flow. The metabolic active skeletal muscles will receive 85 to 90% of the total blood flow during maximal exercise. [1] The redistribution of the blood flow is caused by the vasoconstriction of the arterioles at visceral organs and non-working skeletal muscles which are less active metabolically during the progress of exercise. The vasodilation of the arterioles which supply blood to the active skeletal muscles is also the reason that causing the redistribution of the blood flow. [1] The vasoconstriction of the arterioles at non-active tissues in our body during exercises is due to the increase in both neural input and release of noradrenaline to the blood. On the other hand, the vasodilation of arterioles at active skeletal muscles during exercise is mainly due to initial reflex sympathetic nervous system response and chemical changes in the body. Those chemical changes include increase in temperature, partial pressure of carbon dioxide, hydrogen ions in plasma and blood, lactic acid level and decrease in the partial pressure of oxygen. The innermost layer of the arterial blood vessel will also release a vasodilation substance which is nitrous oxide to induce vasodilation of arterioles. [1] Blood Pressure Regulation Blood pressure is regulated by coordinating cardiac output and the diameter of the arteries. As cardiac output increases, blood pressure increases as well. Arterioles vasodilation lowers the blood pressure while arterioles vasoconstriction raises the blood pressure. The neurons from the vasomotor center in the medulla innervate the smooth muscles in all arterioles. [2] During exercises, there is increase in the cardiac output which raises blood pressure and stimulating the stretch receptors in the aortic arch and carotid sinuses. The stretch receptors then transmit impulses to the vasomotor center in the medulla. The vasomotor center then responds by causes the arterioles to vasodilate to decrease the blood pressure. It may cause the cardiac output to decrease also. [2] Blood pressure also affects by the partial pressure of carbon dioxide. During exercise, the increase in the partial pressure of carbon dioxide will stimulate the chemoreceptors located in the carotid bodies. The chemoreceptors then transmit the impulses to the vasomotor center in medulla that causes the arterioles to vasoconstrict. This can facilitate the carbon dioxide excretion as more blood can be transported to the lungs. [2] Conclusion After go through all the topics that we discussed above, we can conclude that all the adjustments make by respiratory and cardiovascular systems (cardiopulmonary) need to be controlled, coordinated and interact with one another well to operate at a higher level of function. Cardiopulmonary system is able to function efficiently because of the control of nervous system which involves both voluntary nervous system and involuntary nervous system. As both cardiovascular and respiratory systems are interconnected with each other, therefore, the stimulation of one area such as the increase in the partial pressure of carbon dioxide will affect both ventilation and blood flow. As a result, to study physiological changes during moderate exercise, we need to study both cardiovascular and respiratory systems to understand better how they work.

Compare the two soliloquies of Act 2 scene 2 Essay

In these two substantial speeches, the character of Hamlet Junior is revealed, and portrays a lot about the made-believe character’s state of mind. Shakespeare, who has shown Hamlet to be aberrant, in a sense that he makes absurd remarks which no other character seems to understand, but in actual fact has a lot of meaning in them. At the beginning of the first soliloquy, Hamlet’s self hatred is exposed and Shakespeare emphasis’s his isolation. He starts by saying, † Now I am alone† which is a cleaver use of language by Shakespeare, because it is a sort of pun. One meaning being that he is saying it literally and telling the audience he is talking to them, or he could in fact be referring to his close friends and family, trying to say that he is alone in society and doesn’t have nobody he can rely on, or trust. This is because the only people in his life he thought he could trust have let him down. Gertrude, Ophelia and most importantly Claudius sit on top of his list. Hamlet’s self-hatred is shown when he says, â€Å"o what a†¦ slave am I! † He feels like he has betrayed his father for not believing him. Shakespeare shows the audience that he has low self-esteem for not taking his much promised revenge to the spirit of Hamlet Senior. This is because he asks the ‘players’ to act out the death of his beloved father, and wait to see the reaction of Claudius. For this reason he starts to question his devotion to his father and goes on to say, â€Å"Am I a coward? At this point he has no self-belief and has very negative thoughts of himself. This is merely due to him not taking action against Claudius. All this self-hatred and negative thoughts makes the character of Hamlet seem melancholy. Shakespeare shows Hamlet’s anger towards himself, just simply as his anger for the king switched onto himself. Hamlet goes on to say, â€Å"who calls me villain†¦ plucks off my beard†¦ I should take it† (lines 567-572). This is basically the character saying that, he should accept all the insults thrown at him, because he deserves it for being a â€Å"coward†. This makes the audience feel sorrow towards him and pity him. Shakespeare here has made Hamlet in the space of a few lines switch from sorrow to anger towards himself, because afterwards he goes on to say â€Å"†¦ but I am pigeon-liver’d†, which is a person who is scared, this shows how much anger he has towards himself. He then goes onto taking the anger towards himself and turning it on his uncle. He refers to Claudius as â€Å"remorseless treacherous lecherous kindless villain†. Here Shakespeare releases Hamlet’s fury and rage by using curse words towards Claudius. This also shows that Gertrude and Claudius’ marriage frustrates him, and is a way for him to get it all off his chest. Before he unleashes his fury, his mind is suffocating as he has too much to keep to himself. Because as he releases all of his fury instantly he comes up with a plan and he starts to think straight. Shakespeare makes Hamlet end his soliloquy with two excellent lines as they rounds up the whole soliloquy; â€Å"the plays the thing, wherein I’ll catch the conscience of the King. † This explains his idea because if the King’s guilt shows he’ll have more proof, and is also a positive sign as he starts to get a more stable state of mind. Also the last two lines are rhyming couplets and this is a technique used a lot by Shakespeare, as it is a sort of cue point for the actors and is used on long speeches. The second soliloquy Hamlet starts to question his existence. He again has a negative insight of himself, â€Å"to be, or not to be†. This is Shakespeare making Hamlet question his existence. It relates to the theme of seeming and being. Where Hamlet is asking himself if there is any point of him existing. This seems to be the case when Claudius and Polonius are spying on him. But when scrutinized it could be that Hamlet knows of the spying and is saying this just to confuse Claudius and Polonius more. This is very cleaver because although it seems like he is mad he is in actual fact not. This shows a lot about his state of mind because if he was still in denial and not thinking straight he would not be able to cleverly confuse Claudius and Polonius. Hamlet carries on talking about the theme of death and although he has got a lot of his problems off his chest he still is not totally focused and still has problems. He talks of taking â€Å"arms against a sea of troubles† which is an excellent metaphor used by Shakespeare as it gives the audience a picture in their minds. This basically means that problems are never ending and will go on forever. Hamlet is questioning weather one should take on all their troubles or just give up and die. Although Hamlet’s state of mind seems to be unstable it is actual fact at its best as he manages to make Claudius believe he is mad by talking of if he should die or not. Shakespeare makes Hamlet talk of this to deceive Claudius and although it seems like this is the only reason, it also refers to his life. Hamlet says, â€Å"†¦ what dreams may come† which means that if people knew what the afterlife was like would they suffer the â€Å"whips and scorns of time. † This is an excellent metaphor as it describes life by referring to time as being able to whip and having scorns. This builds up a strong image in the audience’s head of a bad perception of life. This shows Hamlet’s intelligence and strong state of mind as he manages to express his feelings as well as making Claudius think he is mad. In conclusion Hamlet in the first soliloquy was emotionally unstable. Shakespeare has portrayed him like this to make the audience feel sorrow towards him. But towards the end of the speech he gets an idea after expressing his feelings aloud clearing his head, which allowed him to think straight. In the second soliloquy Hamlet’s state of mind is still a bit unstable because although he has expressed his feelings he still has the problem of Claudius to deal with. He felt a lot of self-hatred and anger and didn’t know who to focus it on.

Aspect Oriented Software Development

The implementation of software applications using GOAD techniques results in a better implementation structure which has an impact on many important software qualities such as enhanced risibility and reduced complexity. In turn, these software qualities lead to an improved software development lifestyle and, hence, to better software. This report introduces to management and software development staff to the concepts of aspect- orientation software development.It presents why aspect-orientation is needed in modern software development and what its contributions are to the improvement of software design and implementation structure. The report also highlight AAA technology details though without probing much in particular, as it present the various concepts of GOAD. After reading this introduction, the reader will understand what GOAD is about, know its key concepts and terminology engaged to elaborate 2. Introduction As software systems becomes more complex developers use new technol ogies to help manage development. The development of large and complex software applications is a challenging task. Apart from the enormous complexity of the software's desired functionality, software engineers are also faced with many other acquirement that are specific to the software development lifestyle. Requirements such as risibility, robustness, performance, believability, etc. Re requirements about the design and the implementation of the software itself, rather than about its functionality. Nevertheless, these non-functional requirements cannot be neglected because they contribute to the overall software quality, which is eventually perceived by the users of the software application. For example, a better believability will ensure that future maintenance tasks to the implementation can be carried out relatively easily and consequently also with fewer errors.Building software applications that adhere to all these functional and non-functional requirements is an ever more co mplex activity that requires appropriate programming languages and development paradigms to adequately address all these requirements throughout the entire software development lifestyle. To cope with this ever-growing complexity of software development, computer science has experienced a continuous evolution of development paradigms and programming languages. In the early days, software was directly implemented in machine-level assembly languages, leading to highly omelet implementations for even simple software applications.The introduction of the procedural and functional programming paradigms provided software engineers with abstraction mechanisms to improve the design and implementation structure of the software and reduce its overall complexity. An essential element of these paradigms is the ability to structure the software in separate but cooperating modules (e. G. Procedures, functions, etc. ). The intention is that each of these modules represents or implements a well-iden tified subpart of the software, which renders the individual modules better reusable and evolvable.Modern software development often takes place in the object-oriented programming paradigm that allows to further enhance the software's design and implementation structure through appropriate object-oriented modeling techniques and language features such as inheritance, delegation, encapsulation and polymorphism. Aspect-oriented programming languages and the entire aspect-orientation paradigm are a next step in this ever continuing evolution of programming languages and development paradigms to enhance software development and hence, improve overall software quality 3. 0Fundamental ideas underlying aspects and aspect-oriented software development The notion behind aspects is to deal with the issue of tangling and scattering. According to Ian Somerville (2009), tangling occurs when a module in a system includes code that implements different system requirements and scattering occurs whe n implementation of a single concern (logical requirement or set of requirements) is scattered across several components in a program. 3. 1 What an Aspect is. Aspect is an abstraction which implements a concern. Aspects are completely specification of where it should be executed.Unlike other abstractions like methods, you cannot tell by examining methods where it will be called from because there is clear separation between the definition and of the abstraction and its use. With Aspects, includes a statement that defines where the aspect will be woven into the program. This statement is known as a pinpoint. Below is an example of a pinpoint (Ian Somerville, 2006) before: call (public void update* (.. )) This implies that before the execution of many method whose starts with update, followed by any other sequence of characters, the code in the aspect after the induct definition should be executed.The wildcat (*) matches any string characters that are allowed in the identifiers. The c ode to be executed is known as the advice and is implementation of the cross-cutting concern. In an example below of an aspect authentication (let's say for every change of attributes in a payroll system requires authentication), the advice gets a password from person requesting the change and checks that it matches the password of currently logged -in user. If not user is logged out and update does not proceed. Aspect authentication before: call (public void update* (.. // this is a pinpoint { // this is the advice that should be executed when woven into // the executing system into tries = O; string swearword = Password. Get ( tries ) ; while (tries Pinpoint: defines specific program events with which advice should be associated (I. E. , woven into a program at appropriate Join points) Events may be method calls/ returns, accessing data, exceptions, etc. Weaving: incorporation of advice code into the program (via source code preprocessing, link-time weaving, or execution time weav ing) 4. 0 Why Separation of Concerns a good guiding principle for Software Development Separation of concerns is a key principle of software design and implementation. Concerns reflect the system requirements and the priorities of the system stakeholders.Some examples of concerns are performance, security, specific categorized in several types. Functional concerns, quality of service concerns, Policy concerns, System concerns and Organizational concerns. Functional: related to specific functionality to be included in a system. Quality of service: related to the nonfunctional behavior of a system (e. G. , performance, reliability, availability). System: related to attributes of the system as a whole (e. G. , maintainability, configurability). Organizational: related to organizational goals and priorities (e. G. , staying within budget, using existing software assets).In other areas concerns has been categorized according to different areas of interest or properties I. E. High level i mplies security and quality of service, Caching and buffering are Low level while Functional includes features, business rules and Non Functional (systematic) implies synchronization, transaction management. By reflecting the separation of concerns in a program, there is clear traceability from requirements to implementation. The principle of separation of concerns states that software should be organized so that each program element does one thing and one thing only.In this case it means each aerogram element should therefore be understandable without reference to other elements. Program abstractions (subroutines, procedures, objects, etc) support the separation of concerns. Core concerns relate to a system's primary purpose and are normally localized within separate procedures, objects, etc. And other concerns tend to scatter and cross multiple elements. These cross-cutting concerns are managed by aspect since they cannot be localized resulting in problems when changes are require d due to tangling and scattering.Separation of concerns provides modular dependency between aspects and components. For instance we would like to maintain a system that manages payroll and personnel functions in our organization, and there is a new requirement to create a log of all changes to an employee's data by management. It would mean that changes will include in payroll, number of deduction, raises, employee's personal data and sass of many other information associated with employee. This implies that there are several codes that will require changes.This process could be tedious and you might end up forgetting changing other codes as well even not understanding each and every code. With aspects you old deal with a particular element only. In this case there won't be redundancy of multiple codes doing the same thing. An update function could be implemented that would be called whenever you would want to implement a particular method. 5. 0 Aspect-oriented Approach 5. 1 Require ment Engineering In requirements engineering there is need to identify requirements for the core system and the requirements for the system extensions.Viewpoints are a way to separate the concerns of different stakeholders that are core and secondary concerns. Each viewpoint represents the requirements of related groups of stakeholder. The requirements are organized according to stakeholder viewpoint then they are analyses to discover related requirements that appear in all or most viewpoints. These represent the core functionality of the system. There could be other viewpoint requirements that are specific to that viewpoint these then can be implemented as extensions to the core functionality.These requirements (secondary functional requirements) often reflect the needs of that viewpoint and may not share there are non-functional requirements that are cross-cutting concerns. These generate requirements of to some or all viewpoint for instance requirements for security, performance and cost. 5. 2 Software Design Aspect Oriented Design is the process of designing a system that makes use of aspects to implement the cross-cutting concerns and extensions that are identified during the requirements engineering process.ADD focuses on the explicit representation of cross-cutting concerns using adequate design languages. ADD languages consist of some way to specify aspects, how aspects are to be composed and a set of well-defined composition semantics to describe the details of how aspects are to be integrated. (Chitchat, Awls Rashes, Pete Sawyer, Alexandra Garcia, Monica Pinto Larson, Jotter Beaker, Bedim Ticonderoga, Skibobs Clarke, Andrew Jackson, 2005) Like in object orientation, several aspect-oriented extensions to ML design language to represent aspect-oriented concepts at the design level.One of these ML extensions is ATOM. ADD in ML requires a means of modeling aspects using ML stereotypes. Is an approach of specifying the Join points where the aspect advice is to be composed with the core system. The high-level statement of requirements provides a basis for identifying some system extensions that may be implemented as aspects. Developing these in more details to identify further extensions and understanding the functionality required is to identify a set of use cases associated with each viewpoint. Each use case represents an aspect.Extension use cases naturally fit the core and extensions architectural model of system. Jacobsen and Eng (2004)) 5. 2. 1 Aspect-oriented Design Process Below is fugue 1 that illustrate the design activities of generic aspect-oriented design process Core system design is where you design the system architecture to support the core functionality of the system. Aspect identification and design Starting with the extensions identified in the system requirements, you should analyses these to see if they are aspects in themselves or if they should be broken down into several aspects.Composition design At this sta ge, you analyses the core system and aspect designs to discover where the aspects should be composed with the core system. Essentially, you are identifying the Joint points in a program at which aspects will be woven Conflict analysis and resolution Conflicts occur when there is a pinpoint clash with different aspects specifying that they should be composed at the same point in the aerogram Name design is the essential to avoid the problem of accidental pinpoints.These occur when, at some program Join point, the name accidentally matches that in a pinpoint pattern. The advice is therefore unintentionally applied at that point. 5. 3 Programming The goal of aspect-oriented programming is to provide an advance modularization scheme to separate the core functionality of software system from system-wide concerns that cut across the implementation of this core functionality. (Kim Mess and Tom Tour ©, 2007) APP must address both what the programmer can say and owe the computer system wil l realize the program in a program system.APP system: mechanisms are conceptually straight forward and have efficient implementations. 5. 3. 1 Joint Point Model A Join point model defines the kinds of Join points available and how they are accessed and used. They are specific to each aspect-oriented programming language for instance Aspects. In Aspects, Joint point are defined by grouping them into pinpoints. 5. 3. 2 Pinpoint A pinpoint is a predicate that matches Join points. A pinpoint is a relationship ‘Join point Boolean', where the domain of the relationship is all possible Join points. 3. 3 Advice 5. 4 Advantages and Disadvantages of APP APP promotes clear design and risibility by enforcing the principles of abstraction and separation of concerns. APP explicitly promotes separation of concerns, unlike earlier development paradigms. This separation of concerns provides cleaner assignment of responsibilities, higher modularization and easier system evolution, and should th us lead to software systems which are easier to maintain. The process is to collect scattered concerns into compact structure units, namely the aspects.On the other hand, APP cannot be elegantly applied to every possible situation. . 0 Validation and verification Validation and Verification is the process of demonstrating that a program meets the real needs of its stakeholders and meets its specification. Validation or testing is used to discover defects in the program or to demonstrate that the program meets its requirements. Statement verification techniques focus on manual or automated analysis of the source code. Like any other systems, aspects-oriented systems can be tested as black-boxes using the specification to derive the tests.However, program source code is problematic. Aspects also introduce additional testing (Ian Somerville (2006)) 6. 1 Testing problems with aspects To inspect a program in a conventional language effectively, you should be able to read it from right to left and top to bottom. Aspects make this as the program is a web rather than a sequential document. One can't tell from the source code where an aspect will be woven and executed. Flattening an aspect-oriented program for reading is practically impossible 6. Challenges with Aspect-oriented Systems One of the limitations of APP is that it is not supported by default on any programming platform. Although it seems to be gaining popularity, its implementation has been undertaken by third parties as extensions to development framework. This has resulted in some level of disparity on the features being implemented as some of the implementations only implement specific features making it difficult to use such frameworks in some situations in addition to creating some confusion over the feature.AAA programs can be â€Å"black-box tested† using requirements to design the tests, but program inspections and â€Å"white-box testing† can be problematic, since you can't always tel l from the source code alone where an aspect will be woven and executed. 7. 0 Recommendations Adopting Aspect Oriented Software development will reduce repetitions of coding or Component maintenance and reuse has a great impact to the company. On the part of cost, the company can determine whether it is easy to maintain its systems or not.Using other development paradigm can be cumbersome hence increasing tangling and scattering. System performance will also be affected in such a way that there could be more codes doing the same thing. GOAD concepts reduce redundancy and increase system performance. All functional and non-functional concerns are dealt with in GOAD. On implementation of security, Design flaws and code errors or bugs old be some of the causes of security flaws in software. Unlike SOD, GOAD approach made Software Development easy with the separation of concerns leading to modularization in reuse.

Distance Learning Creative Writing Courses You Must Try

Distance Learning Creative Writing Courses You Must Try Distance Learning: Creative Writing Courses You Must Try Distance learning creative writing courses are a study option where all communication with tutors is held remotely via email, Skype and other electronic means. It is not an innovation anymore; many universities offer distance learning programs. Therefore, you can get high quality education regardless of your location. They are designed for students who have to combine studies with work, family, and for people with special needs, and basically follow the same structure as the in-class ones. The best courses in creative writing will teach you how to apply your knowledge to practice. We found some distance education programs for you, where you can develop and practice your writing skills. Some of them are more expensive than others, but all of them are worth checking out. University of Cambridge offers different courses in creative writing, for example, an introduction to writing bibliographies and other types of non-fiction. On a more creative side, there is an introductory course to short story writing. It is a practical course, which also gives you an overview of the genre itself, as well as important information about sub-genres. You will learn the art of writing through practical exercises. Creative Writing Summer Program  is another course from the Cambridge University. It is more suitable for creative writers who want to develop their existing skills. The program covers different genres of writing, such as poetry, fiction and non-fiction. The great thing about this course is that your tutors are already established writers. You will also learn how to critically assess your own work, writing of other students and tutors. The Oxford University Department for Continuing Education offers a course for beginners Getting Started in Creative Writing. If you love reading and the idea of writing your own fiction, this course will help you put your wishes into practice. You will get into writing stage-by-stage, learn different types of creative and critical methods. The course will help you build your confidence and gain practical experience in using key features (e.g., dialogue, point of view). As part of the course, you will also engage in discussions of other students work via a forum. You can get an MA in Creative Writing at Teesside University. Its a 2 year part-time program, that focuses on practical skills and techniques, as well as the understanding of your own work. You will get an opportunity to experiment and develop your interest, whether its prose, poetry or even screen writing. And last, but certainly not least, if you are completely new to writing, we recommend a program from Exeter University The Craft of Creative Writing. You will explore different forms of creative writing, like poetry, short story, novel writing, writing for performance and travel writing. This one will also help you learn how to apply different techniques, edit your writing, develop analytical reading habits and give constructive feedback. This course is also the cheapest one on the list. If writing is your goal in life, dont just dive into it head first. Take some time to learn the basics.

fiber optic communications essays

fiber optic communications essays Fiber Optics is a significant technology used in many different areas of communications. With the explosion of the internet, fiber optics can readily provide the capacity of data that is transmitted with its gigabit speeds. As more breakthroughs in technology occur, it will spread to every aspect of the industry. Telephones, Fax Machines, Radios, Television Broadcasting, and even satellites use this highly reliable light wave technology. The telecommunications industry receives the most benefits from fiber optics. It allows for the transmission of audio, video, and data information in high quality. Fiber optics uses light pulses directed down a tiny glass fiber in order to relay information. Two different types of fibers are in use today, single mode, and multimode. Each of these types of fibers are made of three different parts, the core, the cladding, and the buffer. While singlemode and multimode fibers are composed of the same components, they do still differ. Singlemode fibers are significantly smaller than multimode fibers. The core of the fiber is the most crucial part of any fiber. In the core is where the light signals themselves travel through. Because of how easily light refracts, the core must be completely transparent. Therefore, pure glass is not even transparent enough to transmit the signal and must be mixed with silica to attain perfection. The core is also the innermost and smallest part of a fiber, having a diameter of only eight microns. The average human hair has a diameter of approximately 100 microns, making the core of a singlemode fiber about 1/13 the size of a human hair. Because the technology would not work if the light did not bounce down the fiber, the core must be encased in a covering that refracts the light and prevents any escape of light waves. For this, there is a layer of glass outside of the core called the cladding layer. In order for the cladding to refract the light wav...

Suicide in our communities Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Suicide in our communities - Essay Example It has been seen that the youth within the United States is a direct or indirect stakeholder within the bullying regimes. When bullying happens, there is bound to be serious problems for everyone. The one who does these bully acts is also someone who creates an issue for others. This leads into someone carrying out a heinous act and commit suicide. How bullying and bad grades have posed as a serious problem within the US schools, colleges and universities is an alarming scenario overall. This is because with the advent of time one can witness the spate of incidents that have increased and which seem to leave a lasting impression on the minds of the people, and that too for all the wrong reasons. The need is to understand where problems lie and how to counter them within quantifiable proportions. If this happens, anomalies would reduce drastically. The reason why bullying has taken on the front seat is because there are students who have resorted to violent behaviors as they are being constantly treated in a shabby way. If this is not the case, bad grades come up and destroy their mental peace which again is a source of immense agony. When the youth understands that there is no other alternative than to commit suicide and get free from the worldly pressures, then it does not think much. Either this youth wants to kill others around him and then die their own self or just plainly commit suicide. The manner in which these severe attempts come about are also a factor that need to be understood within proper contexts. What this suggests is the fact that the school authorities and the law making bodies have their work cut out. They need to think from the common student’s perspective and thus devise a way under which bullying is discouraged and receiving bad grades does not mean the end of the world. There has to be a beginning somewhere in the future to suggest that all is not that bad that one should commit suicide and bring

Investment Appraisal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Investment Appraisal - Essay Example Investment Appraisal The capital budgeting decisions are pertaining to investment decisions which will create assets which will in turn create products/ services which create the profits. Generally, current assets are not earning assets but they act as a buffer for the smooth operations of the business. But the long-term investment decisions includes the mission and visions of the company and hence is of strategic importance. There are various techniques available for the appraisal of investment proposals. They include the traditional methods, discounted cash flow methods. But recently there is a tendency to shift to value management models and modified versions of DCF models is reflected among companies. This essay explains the nature of each method of appraisal and also explains the recent trends to use the value management models with examples. For considering this proposal the management can use the investment appraisal techniques which can be segregated into two groups, first group comprising of traditional methods such as payback period method and average rate of return method and second group comprising of time adjusted methods/ discounted cash flow(DCF) methods such as net present value method, internal rate of return method, net terminal value method and profitability index method. The payback period method is the simplest of all methods and it answers the basic question, how many years will it take for the cash benefits to pay the original cost of investment. Cash benefits under this method represent CFAT ignoring interest payment. The payback period of the investment is compared with the payback period predetermined by the management beforehand. If the proposal has a payback period less than the predetermined payback, then the investment proposal is selected. The major advantage with this method is that it is very simple to understand and calculate. But the serious drawback here is that it ignores all the cash inflows after the payback period and it does not differentiate between the projects based on the timing and magnitude of cash flows. The next method is the Accounting rate of return (ARR) method. The ARR is calculated as (Average annual profits after taxes / Average investment) x 100. If the Average rate of return is higher than the predetermined minimum rate of return then the investment proposal is selected. The advantage of this method over the payback period method is that it takes into account entire cash flows over the life time of the project unlike the former. But the major drawback here is that it takes the accounting income for the analysis but not the cash flows. Like the payback period method also does not take into account the time value of money. When the time value of money is not taken into consideration when evaluating investment proposals the chances of choosing the wrong proposals are more. From the information provided Hence, the Time adjusted methods/ discounted cash flow (DCF) methods are widely used for making decisions in corporations. The Net present value method is described as the summation of the present values of cash proceeds (CFAT) in each year minus the summation of the present values of the net cash outflows in each year. The decision rule for this method is that when NPV> zero, accept the prpoposal and if NPV < zero, reject the proposal. The first and foremost advantage of this

Organisational Behaviour case study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Organisational Behaviour case study - Essay Example Chain of command includes authority and unity of command. Span of control in the number of subordinates a manager can efficiently and effectively directs. Centralization is the degree to which decision making is concentrated at a single point in the organization. Consistent with the recent management efforts to make organization more flexible and responsive, there has been a marked trend towards decentralizing decision making. In a decentralized organization, action can be taken more quickly to solve problems, more people provide input into decisions, and employees are less likely to feel alienated from those who make the decisions that affect their work lives. Finally formalization refers to the degree to which jobs within the organization are standardized. If a job is highly formalized, then the job incumbent has a minimum amount of discretion. . When formalization is low job behaviors are relatively non-programmed and employees have to freedom to exercise discretion in their work. In the County general hospital, reorganization of the structure of the administration teams within each department has to take place. To date, administrative staff within each department had reported solely to an administrative manager. ... Its major disadvantage is the difficulty to coordinating the task of diverse functional specialists so that their activities are completed on time and within budget. Service departmentalization on the other hand exactly the opposite benefits and advantages. It facilitates coordination among specialties to achieve on time completion and meet the budget targets. Furthermore, it provides clear responsibility for all activities related to a service, but with duplication of activities and costs. The matrix structure attempts to gain the strengths of each, while avoiding their weaknesses (Anderson, 1994). The strength of the matrix lies in its ability to facilitate coordination when the organization has a multiplicity of complex and interdependent activities. The direct and frequent contacts between the different specialists in the matrix can make for better communication and more flexibility. Information permeates the organization and more quickly reaches the people who need to take accou nt of it. It facilitates the efficient allocation of specialists. When individuals with highly specialized skills are lodged in one functional department or service group, their talents are monopolized and under used. The matrix achieves the advantages of economies of scale by providing the organization with both the best resources and the effective way of ensuring their efficient deployment. The major disadvantage of the matrix lies in the dual command chain. This results in confusion and ambiguity, role conflict and more stress to workers. But over the past decade, senior managers are working with new structural options that can better help their organizations to

Adding a Class to the School Curriculum Essay Example for Free

Adding a Class to the School Curriculum Essay Dear Principal, a class that specializes in focus, prioritizing, organization and study skills is absolutely necessary for any Middle School student. At my age and younger, students have a tendency to be disorganized both physically and mentally. I have a knack for losing and forgetting my homework assignments and my grades suffering. I know I am not alone in this struggle against clutter and forgetfulness. Critical thinking classes provide a student with structure, study skills and the art of prioritizing. I know personally the effects of school on a student who is unprepared and disorganized. The stress and sleepless nights can be avoided with a class dedicated to the students future. Unlike Math and Language Arts, this class would be linked with the students success in EVERY other class. The benefits would not only pertain to students, but to the enthusiasm and effectiveness of a teacher. Is there anything more important than preparing a student for his or her future? The skills learned in a critical thinking class would help a student not only through Middle and High School. The study skills and note taking strategies would also be useful and very beneficial in College and whatever career they choose to pursue in the future. A class dedicated on teaching a student to remain focused and take accurate notes in lectures would be beneficial to all the daydreamers, doodlers and dozers who cant listen to a teacher and stay focused on the words coming out of her mouth. I know the effects all too well. As my teacher begins her daily rant, I shut my mind off and let it wander around the room. I see students snoring in the corner and others doodling in their notebook or flinging notes to each other as slyly as possible. I smile at their antics in relieving the exhausting boredom of a class like this. Only a handful of students are actually listening to the teacher and it is evident that they rather be anywhere else doing anything else. With lunch just ten minutes away the whole class is already leaning towards the door and staring hungrily at the wall clock. I am snapped out of my daydream by the shrill shrieking of the lunch bell above my head. Relief runs through me as the teacher dismisses us and our grumbling stomachs. As quickly as I possibly can I scramble to pack up all my things and rush to the lunchroom. I dont even remember to write down the homework assignment! This forgetfulness is fueled by my inability to stay focused in any class much less the one right before lunch. The night before I had stayed up all night studying for a different test this inevitably leads to me being grumpy and unfocused for the following days. Especially since every night seemed to be a late night and with the stress and lack of sleep I am on the verge of snapping. The next day I fail the pop quiz along with almost all of the students who stopped listening to the teachers lecture, five minutes in. Mr. Principal, if students knew how to take accurate notes and focus, then the snoring in the back of the class would be brought to a minimum as well as all the other distractions in the room. Students would be more eager to learn if they understood how to do it in a way that works for them and they see the positive effects it can have on their lives. Grades overall would improve if students knew how to listen in class and study correctly. Instead of waiting until the night before a huge exam, reading words over and over until they become a jumbled mess of never ending letters and symbols, I could study one step at a time so that on the night before I can skim over the topics and be prepared to face the test. Being prepared keeps students from wanting to ditch school in order to avoid the test as a whole or just to sleep in and catch up on some Zs. Preparation would also bring the lack of sleep and stress to a minimum. No longer would the piles of never ending homework and study guides hover over our worn out minds, not if we knew how to work ahead and prioritize what needs to be done now and what can be done progressively. It would help to keep students fresh, awake and ready to learn every morning. Not only could grades improve, but so would the schools attendance record. Mr. Principal, students are more willing to come to class if there is something to look forward to. Instead of school being boring and torturous, it could be viewed as an opportunity to put the skills learned in their Critical Thinking class to the test. There would also be less problems waking up and therefore making it to class on time. No more napping in class, instead students would be note-taking and teachers would see the increased enthusiasm in their class. The teachers would be motivated to work even harder to teach their students all they can. Why would teachers want to teach if they know that the students couldnt care less? If teachers see students participating and not acting out then they would also be motivated to help the students learn even more than what is specified in the curriculum. Regular and advanced students would surpass any of the other schools. The school would work at least ten times more efficiently and productively. Everyone would be enthusiastic and successful in school. Mr. Principal if adding a class could determine whether your school is average or above average, would you take the chance? The skills learned in Middle School Critical Thinking classes would have a lasting impression in a students life forever. With the added skills, advanced teachers, and motivation that a student gains while taking a Critical Thinking class would definitely up their chances of that student staying in school not only in High Sch ool, but progressing even in the College level. This is not a simple feat and many students who just dont know how to keep their lives organized have a lot more chances of dropping out than the student who is well prepared and ready to take on anything the class has for them. In college most if not all the classes are lectures, if this bores a student or a student knows how to keep organized notes then the classes will be a lot harder. In comparison to High School, College has a lot more temptation to go party instead of studying, or hanging out with friends in your dorm instead of going over yesterdays notes. This can lead to dropping grades and even dropping out of school. Peer pressure to drink, smoke and not study is a LOT stronger as the years go by. In college teachers are no longer on top of their students to do their assignments and to study like the teachers in Middle School and High School. Students have more freedom and a more responsibility to keep their grades intact and the choice to worry about their academic or the ir social life. This responsibility may be too much for an average student, but for a student who has been taught and has practiced their critical thinking skills, the choice is obvious. The students who have the discipline to prioritize correctly and put their school first will be more successful time and time again over the student who picks his social life over his stupid grades. The students who stay up until midnight cramming for an exam that they knew months before will also struggle with their own problems in the future. Mr. Principal, a student who has practiced discipline, prioritizing, focusing and productivity will be prepared for anything that can come at them in the future. It is your job to prepare your students and if your students arent improving then their academics are failing. This is not something that can be fixed with MORE work, but with a class that helps kids manage their time better. Skills like these are not only useful in college though. They are useful in the students car eer. Discipline and respect are very useful in an office setting especially when interning. Interns are usually put through a series of test before they are even accepted! Most of the time these tests have nothing to do with what one hundred twenty thousand times fifty is, but with how to manage two or three tasks at the same time and how to be adaptable in any situation. An intern who already knows how to take outline notes and schedule their days accordingly will have much more chances of succeeding in the business world over an unprepared slacker. Bosses look for organization and preparation in their employees, but above that they look for someone who looks the part. Before you even open your mouth in an interview, the only thing the employer sees is just how long you stayed up the night before preparing a last minute resume. The bags under your eyes and crumpled outfit wont seem like a presentable and organized employee and the typos in your resume will stand out in comparison to the other applicant who worked on their resume for a week, reading and rereading it until it was perfection. The applicant who has her hair perfectly in place, her outfit ironed flat and fully prepared to speak to the employer has a lot more chances of being hired. This all goes back to you, Mr. Principal. The students ability to focus on the interview and be prepared depends fully on what opportunities YOU put in their lives when they are in your school. If Critical Thinking Classes arent offered in school then your students will be beat out in interview after interview not only for their careers, but for college and for advanced placement. This will hinder them in comparison to the students who have all the skill they taught in their Critical Thinking classes to help them through the interview and even to their promotions in work. Mr. Principal students deserve to have a class that will allow them to have an upperhand in classes, interviews and applications. Every student has the ability to have straight As and be successful, but not all of them have the skills needed to put their abilities to work and help them not only in Middle School, but for the rest of their lives. Mr.Principal you have nothing to lose and everything to gain. The admiration of both your staff and students and the incredible feeling that comes from knowing that youve made a difference in your students lives. Without a doubt, thanks to the Critical Thinking Class your school could benefit from the increased academic abilities of your students. This class will help students for generations to come, if you could go back in time wouldnt you want to be given this chance?